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RUSVM Parasitology > Nematodes: Strongylida > Flashcards

Nematodes: Strongylida Flashcards

1
Q

What phylum to nematodes belong too?

A

phylum Nemathelminthes

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2
Q

What are the general characteristics of nematodes?

A

Free living or parasitic
Usually unsegmented, elongated, and cylindrical in shape
Complete alimentary canal
Sexes usually separate; the female are generally larger than the males

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3
Q

The nematode male reproductive system consists of?

A

Two testes opening into a seminal vesicle and vas deferens which open into cloaca

Many males have copulatory bursa

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4
Q

The nematode female reproductive system consists of?

A

Two ovaries, an oviduct, and a uterus

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5
Q

What is the life cycle of the majority of nematodes?

A

Egg > L1 > L2 > L3 > L4 > L5/immature adult > Adult
(Molting of the cuticle separates the L1-L5)
Some parasites have microfilaria instead of the traditional L1

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6
Q

What are the key points to parasite identification?

A

SSH (size, site, host)
Clinical signs
Morphological characteristics

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7
Q

In the the live animal what are the common identification stages of a parasite?

A

Eggs -feces
L1/L3
Adults (sometimes in vomit or feces)

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8
Q

What morphological characteristics can be used to identify a parasite?

A 
Shape (curled, hooked, whip)
Mouth (shape/teeth) 
Esophagus
Bursate male (or lack of)
Vulva
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9
Q

What are the common features of parasites in the order strongylida?

A

Direct life cycle, infection by L3
Eggs: thin shelled; oval; average size
Arrested development of larvae
Males have bursa

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10
Q

Ancylostomatoidea are in what order?

A

Strongyloidea

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11
Q

What are the features of Ancylostomatoidea

A 
Small: 1-2cm 
Egg: thin shelled, oval, average size
Adults in small intestine 
Buccal capsule with teeth/cutting plates (anemia)
Limited immunity
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12
Q

Host of Ancylostoma caninum

A

Dog and fox

Paratenic hosts

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13
Q

What are the 5 modes of infection of ancylostoma caninum

A 
Percutaneous or penetration of oral mucosa 
Per os
Paratenic host
Transplacental (rare) 
Transmammary (important)
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14
Q

What are the sites of infection of Ancylostoma caninum?

A

Small intestine

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15
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Ancylostoma caninum?

A

Acute or chronic hemorrhagic anemia
Pups infected by transmammary route
Moist eczema with percutaneous infection

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16
Q

What are the clinical signs of Ancylostoma caninum?

A

Acute -anemia, lassitude, respiratory disease (lung migration), pneumonia, diarrhea
Chronic infections -weight loss, poor hair coat

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17
Q

What is the treatment and prevention for Ancylostoma caninum

A

Anthelmintics for adults/ larvae (some species specific, treat)
Larval leakage
Young pups: iron, blood transfusion
Nutrition
Treat pups and adults
Treat pregnant bitches at least once during pregnancy
2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks of age

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18
Q

Ancylostoma tubaeforme hosts

A

Cats

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19
Q

What is the transmission of Ancylostoma tubaeforme?

A

Per os
Percutaneous
Paratenic hosts

NO TRANSMAMMARY

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20
Q

What are the hosts of Ancylostoma braziliense?

A

Dogs and cats

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21
Q

Ancylostoma braziliense transmission?

A

Per os
Percutaneous
Paratenic hosts

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22
Q

What is the significance of Ancylostoma braziliense?

A

Most zoonotic

Cause cutaneous larva migrans

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23
Q

What are the hosts of uncinaria stenocephala?

A

Dogs, cat, and foxes

Paratenic

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24
Q

What is the uncinaria stenocephala transmission?

A

Per os

Percutaneous uncommon

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25
Q

Where are A. caninum and A. Tubaeforme found?

A

Throughout the US (more southern)

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26
Q

Where are Uncinaria sp found?

A

Northern US/ Canada/ Ireland (cooler climates )

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27
Q

Parasites in the superfamily strongyloidea have what different characteristics from other strongylida?

A

Well developed buccal capsule

Thick body

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28
Q

In the family strongylidae, what are the common names of two subfamilies

A

Large strongyles

Small strongyyles / cyatostomins

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29
Q

Small strongyles are also known as?

A

Cyathostomins

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30
Q

What is the different in PPP between large strongyles and cyathostomins?

A

Large: 6-11months
Small: 1.5-4months

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31
Q

Where are the adult large stronglyes and cyathostomins located?

A

Lumen of large intestine

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32
Q

How are cyathostomins identified?

A

Adults are <1.5cm
Mouth capsule rectangular or square
Egg typical strongyle

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33
Q

What is the PPP of cyathostomins?

A

6wks to 2-3months

Arrested development up to 2 1/2 yrs

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34
Q

What are the sites of infection of cyathostomins?

A

Larvae through large intestine mucosa

Adults in lumen of large intestine

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35
Q

What is the pathogeneis of cyathostomins?

A

Larval cyathostominosis
Lymphocytic and eosinophilic infiltration
Catarrhal colitis
Protein losing enteropathy

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36
Q

What are the clinical signs of cyathostomin parasites?

A

Chronic diarrhea, colic
Seasonality
Severe weight loss, edema

(Associated with emergence of L4)

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37
Q

How are cyathostomins infections diagnosed?

A

Eggs in fecal examination (McMaster)
Distinguish L3s from large stronglye L3

Eggs in feces of foals <6wks is due to coprophagia (too young for PP)

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38
Q

How do cyathostomins differ based on climate

A

Northern - larvae arrest during winter and emerge as adult in spring (egg count increase in spring)

Southern - larvae encysts during summer, transmission during winter

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39
Q

What circumstances can lead to larve burdens/accusations of larvae?

A

Inadequate treatment during the preceding grazing season
Overstocked pastures

Mare is source of infection for foals/ reinfection of itself

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40
Q

How do you treat cyathostomins infections?

A

Mucosal larvae stances
FBZ for 5days or MOX single dose

-> often resistant to drugs

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41
Q

How can you prevent/ manage cyathostomins?

A

Accurate diagnosis

Pasture management

  • treat “high shedder”
  • clean up feces
  • mixed grazing
  • do not overstock
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42
Q

What is anthelmintic resistance

A

Worms that survive drug treatment, exist prior to first used of a drug

  • drug exposure selection
  • > increase level of drug resistance genes in a population
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43
Q

How can you decrease anthelmitic resistance?

A

Selective treatments
Decrease use = decrease exposure = decrease resistance

Only treat problem causing or suffering animals

Protects refugia

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44
Q

What is refugia?

A

Parasites that are not exposed to anthelmitics

Susceptible worms in environment

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45
Q

What family of parasites contains the Oesophagostomum spp?

A

Chabertiidae

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46
Q

What is the scientific name for the nodular or pimply worm?

A

Oesophagostomum spp

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47
Q

What are the hosts of Oesophagostomum spp?

A

Cattle, sheep, goat, swine (host specific)

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48
Q

What is the distribution of Oesophagostomum spp?

A

Warmer climates

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49
Q

Adults- large intestine lumen; 1-3cm; white
Eggs- strongyloid; 85um
L4- nodules in lg and sm intestine

A

Oesophagostomum spp

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50
Q

Life cycle of Oesophagostomum spp?

A

Typical strongyloid

Arrested L4 in sm or lg intestinal wall
Females lay large amount of eggs
Egg to L3 - 10days

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51
Q

What is the PPP of Oesophagostomum spp?

A

3-8wks

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52
Q

What are the sites of infection of Oesophagostomum spp?

A

Adults in lumen of large intestine

L4 in wall of sm or lg intestine (nodules)

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53
Q

What are the clinical signs of Oesophagostomum spp in ruminants and sows?

A

Ruminants: anorexia, diarrhea

Sow: anorexia, weight loss, reduced milk production (poor sow syndrome)

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54
Q

What is the treatment and prevention for Oesophagostomum spp?

A

Anthelmitics
Pasture management - transmission favored by high egg excretion, humid, and unhygienic conditions
Animals do not develop good immunity

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55
Q

What is the common name for Syngamus trachea?

A

Tapeworm

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56
Q

What are the hosts to syngamus trachea?

A

Domestic and wild fowl

PH- earthworm

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57
Q

What dis?
Bird
Adult -red in colour, found in Y (males and females)
Eggs- operculum at both poles

A

Syngamus trachea

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58
Q

What is the pathogenesis and clinical signs of the Gapeworm?

A

Asphyxia: mucus accumulates in trachea ->suffocation

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59
Q

Stomach worms and barber pole worms belong to what superfamily?

A

Trichostrongyloidea

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60
Q

What are the common characteristics of Trichostrongyloidea?

A

Thin stronglye

Direct, infective L3
Thin shelled, oval ,average size eggs
Arrested development
Males have a bursa

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61
Q

Cattle can develop stronger immunity against ________________ parasites then sheep or goats

A

Trichostrongyloidea

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62
Q

What worms are in the superfamily Trichostrongyloidea?

A 
Stomach worms
Barber pole worms 
Trichostrongylus spp
Cooperia spp 
Lung worms 
Nematodirus spp
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63
Q

What is the brown stomach worms also called?

A

Ostertagia ostertagi

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64
Q

Who is the host of ostertagia ostertagi

A

Cattle

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65
Q

What is the site of infection for ostertagia ostertagi ?

66
Q

PPP of ostertagia ?

A

21days / 3weeks

67
Q

Pathogenesis of Ostertagia

A

Caused by L3 to immature adult in gastric gland
Thickened gastric musical with raised nodules = Moroccan leather

Increased plasma pepsinogen

68
Q

What would be the diagnosis for calves in their first grazing season, with profuse watery diarrhea.

High morbidity but low mortality rates

A

Summer Ostertagiosis

69
Q

What would the diagnosis be for calves following their first grazing season with intermittent watery diarrhea, bottle jaw, and high mortality rates

A

Winter Ostertagiosis

70
Q

What do you used to diagnose Ostertagia ostertagi?

A 
Clinical signs
Season
Grazing history 
Fecal egg count 
Culture and identify L3

Increased plasma pepsinogen level

Necropsy x_x

71
Q

How do you treat and prevent Ostertagia ostertagi infections?

A

Type 1 - anthelmitics and safe pasture
Type2- anthelmitic against arrested L4 and adults

exposure is required to gain immunity

72
Q

Hosts of Teladorsagia circumcincta

A

Sheep and goat

73
Q

What is the pathogenesis and clinical signs of Teladorsagia circumcincta

A

Ostertagia in sheep and goats but not as bad

Weight loss
Diarrhea intermittent

74
Q

What are the main differences between Ostertagia and Teladorsagia ?

A

Teladorsagia L3 does not survive on pasture as well as Ostertagia

Teladorsagia has PPR

Teladorsagia clinical signs are less severe

75
Q

What is the common name for Hyostrongylus spp?

A

Stomach worm

76
Q

What species is the host for Hyostrongylus spp?

77
Q 
Identify the parasite 
Pig
Slender reddish nematodes 
5-8mm long 
Trichostrongyloid eggs
A

Hyostrongylus spp

78
Q

What is the PPP of Hyostrongylus?

79
Q

What are the stomach worms of the superfamily Trichostrongyloidea?

A

Ostertagia -cattle
Teladorsagia -sheep/goat
Hyostrongylus - pig

80
Q

What is the life cycle of Hyostrongylus?

A

Typical Trichostrongyloidea egg
L3 infective stage

L4-hypobiotic

PPR

81
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Hyostrongylus?

A

Damage to gastric glands -> lower acidity and increased pespinogen
Mucosal hyperplasia “Moroccan Leather”
Nodule formation

Hemorrhage -> anemia
(Diarrhea not seen- unlike the other stomach worms)

82
Q

What clinical signs would you see in an Hyostrongylus infection?

A

Inappetence
Loss of condition
Anemia

(No Diarrhea, usually)

83
Q

What are the treatment and prevention methods for Hyostrongylus spp?

A

Outdoor pigs affected
poor sow syndrome
Anthelmitics

Similar treatments to ostertagia

84
Q

Common name of haemonchus contortus?

A

Barber pole

85
Q

Host of haemonchus contortus?

A

Sheep and goat

86
Q 
Identify the parasite
Sheep
Adults 2-3cm on abomasal surface 
Females -barber pole/striped red and white 
Eggs trichostrongyloids, 85um
A

Haemonchus contortus

87
Q

What is the life cycle of Haemonchus contortus?

A

Typical strongylida life cycle

PPR
Hypobiosis

88
Q

Site of infection of Haemonchus controtus?

89
Q

What is the common name for Haemonchus placei?

A

Barber pole worm

90
Q

What is the host for haemonchus placei?

91
Q

How do you diagnose haemonchus contortus?

A 
Season 
History 
Clinical signs 
Fecal egg counts and Identify L3
Necropsy
92
Q

What is the treatment for Haemonchus?

A

Anthelmitics - with resistance you must use an anthelmitic that works on that farm

Only treat the sheep/goats that require treatment- protect refugia

93
Q

What is the host for Trichostrongylus spp?

A

Cattle, sheep, goat, equine

94
Q

What are the sites of infection for Trichostrongylus spp?

A

Abomasum/stomach

Small intestine

95
Q

What is the life cycle of Trichostrongylus spp?

A

Trichostrongyloids
Direct , infective L3
Low hypobiosis

96
Q

What is the PPP of Trichostrongylus spp?

97
Q

Host of Cooperia spp?

A

Cattle, sheep and goat

98
Q

Site of infection of Cooperia spp?

A

Small intestine

99
Q

PPP of Cooperia spp?

A

2-3wks

15-18days

100
Q

What are the two most common nematodes f weanling age cattle?

A

Ostertagia and Cooperia

101
Q

What is the pathogenesis and clinical signs of Cooperia?

A

Pathogenesis usually mild

Stressed cattle produce watery diarrhea

102
Q

What are the lungworms?

A

Dictylocaulus spp

103
Q

What is the diagnostic stage of Dictylocaulus spp?

A

L1 Baermann

104
Q

Identify
Cattle
Adults -long thin, in bronchi
L1 found in Baermann

Clinical signs- coughing

A

Dictylocaulus spp

105
Q

Host of Dictylocaulus viviparus

106
Q

Host of Dictylocaulus filaria

A

Goat and sheep

107
Q

Host of Dictyocaulus arnfeldi

108
Q

Life cycle of Dictylocaulus spp?

A

Adult -> egg -> hatch to L1
L1 coughed up and passed in feces
L1 develop to L3 -> ingested
L3 migrate to lungs via blood and mature

109
Q

Pathogenesis of Dictyocaulus spp

A

Penetration phase: larval migrations- clinical signs not apparent

Prepatent phase: larvae develop to adults in lungs (alveolitis and bronchitis)

Patent phase: adult worms in lungs, bronchitis and pneumonia

Postpatent phase: relapse, entire lung diseased

110
Q

Clinical signs of Dictyocaulus spp?

A

Bouts of coughing at rest

Postpatent parasitic bronchitis-dissolution and aspiration of dead or dying worms

111
Q

Treatment and prevention of Dictyocaulus

A

Anthelmitics
Management
Avoid endemic pastures

Develop immunity with age
Vaccination (europe)

112
Q

How does Dictyocaulus infection differ in donkeys and horses?

A

Donkey - adapted, few clinical signs

Horse- rarely reaches sexual maturity, damage to pulmonary tissue, chronic cough.

113
Q

What is the common name of Nematodirus spp?

A

Long neck bankrupt worm

114
Q

Host of Nematodirus spp?

A

Sheep, goat, cattle

115
Q

Identify
Sheep
Adults large 2.5cm
Eggs very large 130um

In sheep, goat, and cattle

A

Nematodirus

116
Q

Site of infection of Nematodirus

A

Small intestine

117
Q

Life cycle of Nematodirus?

A

L1 to L3 ALL inside egg (2months)
L3 can survive up to a 2 years in egg

Hatched L3 consumed -> small intestine
Adult- >egg

118
Q

PPP of Nematodirus spp?

119
Q

Nematodirus requires what for the L3 to emerge from its egg?

A

Freeze and thaw

-> large numbers emerge at the same time, usually in spring

Lamb to Lamb disease

120
Q

Pathogenesis and clinical signs of nematodirus?

A

Larvae interrupts intestinal mucosa

Sudden onset of ill thrift in lambs
Severe diarrhea
Morality up to 30%

121
Q

What can make Nematodirus diagnosis challenging ?

A

Clinical signs prior to PPP

Egg count of little value

122
Q

Treatment and prevention of Nematodirus infection

A

Avoid pastures used the previous year in spring/early summer

Prophylactic treatment; predictions

123
Q

True or false: Resistance to one drug in a class confers resistance to all others

124
Q

What is the best way to manage parasites without promoting anthelmitic resistance?

A

Animals will not be parasite fee
Prevent clinical disease and production losses
Maintain below economic threshold

125
Q

What is the economic threshold in relation to parasites?

A

Density of a pest at which a control treatment will provide an economic return

Point where loss is > the cost of treatment

126
Q

What are strategies that decrease refugia?

A

Treating and moving to a clean pasture
Treating when there are FEW larvae on pasture
Treat ALL animals
Anthelmitics with residual activity

127
Q

In what two ways can breeding strategies contribute to parasite management ?

A

Resistance - animal can control parasite population

Resilience - animal can better tolerate infections

128
Q

What are the general characteristics of parasites in the superfamily Metastrongyloidea?

A

Indirect life cycle
IH snail or slug
L1 diagnostic stage (kinked posterior end)

129
Q

What is the common name of Muellerius spp?

130
Q

What are the hosts of Muellerius spp?

A

Sheep and goat

IH: molluscs

131
Q

Identify
Sheep
Adult - embedded in lungs
L1 S- shaped kink

A

Muellerius spp

132
Q

Life cycle of Muellerius spp?

A

L1 in feces -> penetrate foot of mollusk
Develop to L3
Sheep ingest L3
L3 migrate to lungs
Develop to adult in lymph nodes and nodules in lungs

133
Q

Site of infection of Muellerius spp?

134
Q

Nodular lesions looks and feels like “lead shot” in lung tissue

A

Muellerius spp

135
Q

How do you treat and prevent Muellerius infections

A

Anthelmitics

Control of L3 difficult because they can live as long as mollusk is alive

136
Q

Parelaphostrongylus tenuis hosts?

A

White tailed deer
Abberent: equine, sheep, goat, llama, camel
IH: molluscs

137
Q

What is the common name of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis?

A

Meningeal worm

138
Q

Parelaphostrongylus tenuis causes what disease in its abberent hosts?

A

Invade nervous tissue and cause neurological disease
Fatal
Not patent

139
Q

Metatrongylus spp common name?

A

Pig lungworm

140
Q

Hosts of Metastrongylus spp?

A

Pig

IH: earthworm

141
Q 
Identify
Pig
Slender white worms 6cm 
Small eggs with L1: irregular exterior 
Larger than Strongyloides spp
A

Metastrongylus spp

142
Q

PPP of Metastrongylus spp?

143
Q

What is the site of infection of Metastrongylus?

A

Bronchi and bronchioles

144
Q

Pathogenesis and clinical signs of Metastrongylus spp?

A

Lung migration-> lesions
Bronchitis and coughing
Secondary infections

145
Q

How do you diagnose Metastrongylus spp?

A

Eggs with L1 in fecal

146
Q

Treatment and prevention of Metastrongylus spp?

A

Long lasting exposure due to earthworm reservoir
Young severely affected

Outdoor pigs have higher contact with earthworm

147
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus common name?

A

Cat lung worm

148
Q

Hosts of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?

A

Cats

IH: snails and slugs
PH: bird, rodent, and frogs

149
Q

Identify

Aggregation of parasite in lung tissue of cat

L1 with kinked tail in feces

A

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus

150
Q

Life cycle of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus

A

L3 ingested -> migrate to lungs
Females lay nests of eggs -> small gray nodules in lung parenchyma

L1 hatch -> coughed up and swallowed -> feces
L1 ingested by molluscs and develop to L3

PH ingest IH
Cat ingest PH

151
Q

Site of infection of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus

A

Lung parenchyma and bronchioles

152
Q

Clinical sign of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?

A

Chronic mild cough

153
Q

Prevention of cat lungworm infection

A

Prevent access to IH and PH

154
Q

French heartworm also known as?

A

Angiostrongylus vasorum

155
Q

Common name of Filaroides (oslerus) osleri?

A

Tracheal worm

156
Q

Host of Filaroides and Angiostrongylus ?

A

Dogs and wild carnivores

157
Q

Filaroides osleri life cycle?

A

Direct

L1 ingested, develop in lung
Female lay eggs with larvae
L1 hatch, expelled inundated sputum or pass in feces
(Doesn’t need an evnornmental stage -> mom to pups )

158
Q

Identify
Dog
Nodules detected with bronchoscope
L1 with kinked tail in feces or sputum

Dog

A

Filaroides osleri

159
Q

Treatment and prevention of Filaroides osleri?

A

Benzimidazoles reduce level

Persistent problem in kennels

160
Q

PPP of Filaroides osleri

161
Q

Common lungworms found in dogs

All causing cough and exercise intolerance

A

Filaroides osleri
Filaroides hirthi
Angiostronylus vasorum
Crenosoma vulpis

RUSVM Parasitology (12 decks)

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