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Nematodes: Strongylida Flashcards

1
Q

What phylum to nematodes belong too?

A

phylum Nemathelminthes

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2
Q

What are the general characteristics of nematodes?

A

Free living or parasitic
Usually unsegmented, elongated, and cylindrical in shape
Complete alimentary canal
Sexes usually separate; the female are generally larger than the males

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3
Q

The nematode male reproductive system consists of?

A

Two testes opening into a seminal vesicle and vas deferens which open into cloaca

Many males have copulatory bursa

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4
Q

The nematode female reproductive system consists of?

A

Two ovaries, an oviduct, and a uterus

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5
Q

What is the life cycle of the majority of nematodes?

A

Egg > L1 > L2 > L3 > L4 > L5/immature adult > Adult
(Molting of the cuticle separates the L1-L5)
Some parasites have microfilaria instead of the traditional L1

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6
Q

What are the key points to parasite identification?

A

SSH (size, site, host)
Clinical signs
Morphological characteristics

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7
Q

In the the live animal what are the common identification stages of a parasite?

A

Eggs -feces
L1/L3
Adults (sometimes in vomit or feces)

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8
Q

What morphological characteristics can be used to identify a parasite?

A 
Shape (curled, hooked, whip)
Mouth (shape/teeth) 
Esophagus
Bursate male (or lack of)
Vulva
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9
Q

What are the common features of parasites in the order strongylida?

A

Direct life cycle, infection by L3
Eggs: thin shelled; oval; average size
Arrested development of larvae
Males have bursa

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10
Q

Ancylostomatoidea are in what order?

A

Strongyloidea

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11
Q

What are the features of Ancylostomatoidea

A 
Small: 1-2cm 
Egg: thin shelled, oval, average size
Adults in small intestine 
Buccal capsule with teeth/cutting plates (anemia)
Limited immunity
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12
Q

Host of Ancylostoma caninum

A

Dog and fox

Paratenic hosts

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13
Q

What are the 5 modes of infection of ancylostoma caninum

A 
Percutaneous or penetration of oral mucosa 
Per os
Paratenic host
Transplacental (rare) 
Transmammary (important)
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14
Q

What are the sites of infection of Ancylostoma caninum?

A

Small intestine

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15
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Ancylostoma caninum?

A

Acute or chronic hemorrhagic anemia
Pups infected by transmammary route
Moist eczema with percutaneous infection

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16
Q

What are the clinical signs of Ancylostoma caninum?

A

Acute -anemia, lassitude, respiratory disease (lung migration), pneumonia, diarrhea
Chronic infections -weight loss, poor hair coat

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17
Q

What is the treatment and prevention for Ancylostoma caninum

A

Anthelmintics for adults/ larvae (some species specific, treat)
Larval leakage
Young pups: iron, blood transfusion
Nutrition
Treat pups and adults
Treat pregnant bitches at least once during pregnancy
2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks of age

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18
Q

Ancylostoma tubaeforme hosts

A

Cats

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19
Q

What is the transmission of Ancylostoma tubaeforme?

A

Per os
Percutaneous
Paratenic hosts

NO TRANSMAMMARY

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20
Q

What are the hosts of Ancylostoma braziliense?

A

Dogs and cats

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21
Q

Ancylostoma braziliense transmission?

A

Per os
Percutaneous
Paratenic hosts

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22
Q

What is the significance of Ancylostoma braziliense?

A

Most zoonotic

Cause cutaneous larva migrans

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23
Q

What are the hosts of uncinaria stenocephala?

A

Dogs, cat, and foxes

Paratenic

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24
Q

What is the uncinaria stenocephala transmission?

A

Per os

Percutaneous uncommon

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25
Where are A. caninum and A. Tubaeforme found?
Throughout the US (more southern)
26
Where are Uncinaria sp found?
Northern US/ Canada/ Ireland (cooler climates )
27
Parasites in the superfamily strongyloidea have what different characteristics from other strongylida?
Well developed buccal capsule | Thick body
28
In the family strongylidae, what are the common names of two subfamilies
Large strongyles | Small strongyyles / cyatostomins
29
Small strongyles are also known as?
Cyathostomins
30
What is the different in PPP between large strongyles and cyathostomins?
Large: 6-11months Small: 1.5-4months
31
Where are the adult large stronglyes and cyathostomins located?
Lumen of large intestine
32
How are cyathostomins identified?
Adults are <1.5cm Mouth capsule rectangular or square Egg typical strongyle
33
What is the PPP of cyathostomins?
6wks to 2-3months Arrested development up to 2 1/2 yrs
34
What are the sites of infection of cyathostomins?
Larvae through large intestine mucosa | Adults in lumen of large intestine
35
What is the pathogeneis of cyathostomins?
Larval cyathostominosis Lymphocytic and eosinophilic infiltration Catarrhal colitis Protein losing enteropathy
36
What are the clinical signs of cyathostomin parasites?
Chronic diarrhea, colic Seasonality Severe weight loss, edema (Associated with emergence of L4)
37
How are cyathostomins infections diagnosed?
Eggs in fecal examination (McMaster) Distinguish L3s from large stronglye L3 Eggs in feces of foals <6wks is due to coprophagia (too young for PP)
38
How do cyathostomins differ based on climate
Northern - larvae arrest during winter and emerge as adult in spring (egg count increase in spring) Southern - larvae encysts during summer, transmission during winter
39
What circumstances can lead to larve burdens/accusations of larvae?
Inadequate treatment during the preceding grazing season Overstocked pastures Mare is source of infection for foals/ reinfection of itself
40
How do you treat cyathostomins infections?
Mucosal larvae stances FBZ for 5days or MOX single dose -> often resistant to drugs
41
How can you prevent/ manage cyathostomins?
Accurate diagnosis Pasture management - treat "high shedder" - clean up feces - mixed grazing - do not overstock
42
What is anthelmintic resistance
Worms that survive drug treatment, exist prior to first used of a drug - drug exposure selection - > increase level of drug resistance genes in a population
43
How can you decrease anthelmitic resistance?
Selective treatments Decrease use = decrease exposure = decrease resistance Only treat problem causing or suffering animals Protects refugia
44
What is refugia?
Parasites that are not exposed to anthelmitics | Susceptible worms in environment
45
What family of parasites contains the Oesophagostomum spp?
Chabertiidae
46
What is the scientific name for the nodular or pimply worm?
Oesophagostomum spp
47
What are the hosts of Oesophagostomum spp?
Cattle, sheep, goat, swine (host specific)
48
What is the distribution of Oesophagostomum spp?
Warmer climates
49
Adults- large intestine lumen; 1-3cm; white Eggs- strongyloid; 85um L4- nodules in lg and sm intestine
Oesophagostomum spp
50
Life cycle of Oesophagostomum spp?
Typical strongyloid Arrested L4 in sm or lg intestinal wall Females lay large amount of eggs Egg to L3 - 10days
51
What is the PPP of Oesophagostomum spp?
3-8wks
52
What are the sites of infection of Oesophagostomum spp?
Adults in lumen of large intestine | L4 in wall of sm or lg intestine (nodules)
53
What are the clinical signs of Oesophagostomum spp in ruminants and sows?
Ruminants: anorexia, diarrhea Sow: anorexia, weight loss, reduced milk production (poor sow syndrome)
54
What is the treatment and prevention for Oesophagostomum spp?
Anthelmitics Pasture management - transmission favored by high egg excretion, humid, and unhygienic conditions Animals do not develop good immunity
55
What is the common name for Syngamus trachea?
Tapeworm
56
What are the hosts to syngamus trachea?
Domestic and wild fowl | PH- earthworm
57
What dis? Bird Adult -red in colour, found in Y (males and females) Eggs- operculum at both poles
Syngamus trachea
58
What is the pathogenesis and clinical signs of the Gapeworm?
Asphyxia: mucus accumulates in trachea ->suffocation
59
Stomach worms and barber pole worms belong to what superfamily?
Trichostrongyloidea
60
What are the common characteristics of Trichostrongyloidea?
Thin stronglye Direct, infective L3 Thin shelled, oval ,average size eggs Arrested development Males have a bursa
61
Cattle can develop stronger immunity against ________________ parasites then sheep or goats
Trichostrongyloidea
62
What worms are in the superfamily Trichostrongyloidea?
``` Stomach worms Barber pole worms Trichostrongylus spp Cooperia spp Lung worms Nematodirus spp ```
63
What is the brown stomach worms also called?
Ostertagia ostertagi
64
Who is the host of ostertagia ostertagi
Cattle
65
What is the site of infection for ostertagia ostertagi ?
Abomasum
66
PPP of ostertagia ?
21days / 3weeks
67
Pathogenesis of Ostertagia
Caused by L3 to immature adult in gastric gland Thickened gastric musical with raised nodules = Moroccan leather Increased plasma pepsinogen
68
What would be the diagnosis for calves in their first grazing season, with profuse watery diarrhea. High morbidity but low mortality rates
Summer Ostertagiosis
69
What would the diagnosis be for calves following their first grazing season with intermittent watery diarrhea, bottle jaw, and high mortality rates
Winter Ostertagiosis
70
What do you used to diagnose Ostertagia ostertagi?
``` Clinical signs Season Grazing history Fecal egg count Culture and identify L3 ``` Increased plasma pepsinogen level Necropsy x_x
71
How do you treat and prevent Ostertagia ostertagi infections?
Type 1 - anthelmitics and safe pasture Type2- anthelmitic against arrested L4 and adults exposure is required to gain immunity
72
Hosts of Teladorsagia circumcincta
Sheep and goat
73
What is the pathogenesis and clinical signs of Teladorsagia circumcincta
Ostertagia in sheep and goats but not as bad Weight loss Diarrhea intermittent
74
What are the main differences between Ostertagia and Teladorsagia ?
Teladorsagia L3 does not survive on pasture as well as Ostertagia Teladorsagia has PPR Teladorsagia clinical signs are less severe
75
What is the common name for Hyostrongylus spp?
Stomach worm
76
What species is the host for Hyostrongylus spp?
Pig
77
``` Identify the parasite Pig Slender reddish nematodes 5-8mm long Trichostrongyloid eggs ```
Hyostrongylus spp
78
What is the PPP of Hyostrongylus?
3wks
79
What are the stomach worms of the superfamily Trichostrongyloidea?
Ostertagia -cattle Teladorsagia -sheep/goat Hyostrongylus - pig
80
What is the life cycle of Hyostrongylus?
Typical Trichostrongyloidea egg L3 infective stage L4-hypobiotic PPR
81
What is the pathogenesis of Hyostrongylus?
Damage to gastric glands -> lower acidity and increased pespinogen Mucosal hyperplasia "Moroccan Leather" Nodule formation Hemorrhage -> anemia (Diarrhea not seen- unlike the other stomach worms)
82
What clinical signs would you see in an Hyostrongylus infection?
Inappetence Loss of condition Anemia (No Diarrhea, usually)
83
What are the treatment and prevention methods for Hyostrongylus spp?
Outdoor pigs affected poor sow syndrome Anthelmitics Similar treatments to ostertagia
84
Common name of haemonchus contortus?
Barber pole
85
Host of haemonchus contortus?
Sheep and goat
86
``` Identify the parasite Sheep Adults 2-3cm on abomasal surface Females -barber pole/striped red and white Eggs trichostrongyloids, 85um ```
Haemonchus contortus
87
What is the life cycle of Haemonchus contortus?
Typical strongylida life cycle PPR Hypobiosis
88
Site of infection of Haemonchus controtus?
Abomasum
89
What is the common name for Haemonchus placei?
Barber pole worm
90
What is the host for haemonchus placei?
Cattle
91
How do you diagnose haemonchus contortus?
``` Season History Clinical signs Fecal egg counts and Identify L3 Necropsy ```
92
What is the treatment for Haemonchus?
Anthelmitics - with resistance you must use an anthelmitic that works on that farm Only treat the sheep/goats that require treatment- protect refugia
93
What is the host for Trichostrongylus spp?
Cattle, sheep, goat, equine
94
What are the sites of infection for Trichostrongylus spp?
Abomasum/stomach | Small intestine
95
What is the life cycle of Trichostrongylus spp?
Trichostrongyloids Direct , infective L3 Low hypobiosis
96
What is the PPP of Trichostrongylus spp?
3-4wks
97
Host of Cooperia spp?
Cattle, sheep and goat
98
Site of infection of Cooperia spp?
Small intestine
99
PPP of Cooperia spp?
2-3wks 15-18days
100
What are the two most common nematodes f weanling age cattle?
Ostertagia and Cooperia
101
What is the pathogenesis and clinical signs of Cooperia?
Pathogenesis usually mild | Stressed cattle produce watery diarrhea
102
What are the lungworms?
Dictylocaulus spp
103
What is the diagnostic stage of Dictylocaulus spp?
L1 Baermann
104
Identify Cattle Adults -long thin, in bronchi L1 found in Baermann Clinical signs- coughing
Dictylocaulus spp
105
Host of Dictylocaulus viviparus
Cattle
106
Host of Dictylocaulus filaria
Goat and sheep
107
Host of Dictyocaulus arnfeldi
Equine
108
Life cycle of Dictylocaulus spp?
Adult -> egg -> hatch to L1 L1 coughed up and passed in feces L1 develop to L3 -> ingested L3 migrate to lungs via blood and mature
109
Pathogenesis of Dictyocaulus spp
Penetration phase: larval migrations- clinical signs not apparent Prepatent phase: larvae develop to adults in lungs (alveolitis and bronchitis) Patent phase: adult worms in lungs, bronchitis and pneumonia Postpatent phase: relapse, entire lung diseased
110
Clinical signs of Dictyocaulus spp?
Bouts of coughing at rest Postpatent parasitic bronchitis-dissolution and aspiration of dead or dying worms
111
Treatment and prevention of Dictyocaulus
Anthelmitics Management Avoid endemic pastures Develop immunity with age Vaccination (europe)
112
How does Dictyocaulus infection differ in donkeys and horses?
Donkey - adapted, few clinical signs Horse- rarely reaches sexual maturity, damage to pulmonary tissue, chronic cough.
113
What is the common name of Nematodirus spp?
Long neck bankrupt worm
114
Host of Nematodirus spp?
Sheep, goat, cattle
115
Identify Sheep Adults large 2.5cm Eggs very large 130um In sheep, goat, and cattle
Nematodirus
116
Site of infection of Nematodirus
Small intestine
117
Life cycle of Nematodirus?
L1 to L3 ALL inside egg (2months) L3 can survive up to a 2 years in egg Hatched L3 consumed -> small intestine Adult- >egg
118
PPP of Nematodirus spp?
3 weeks
119
Nematodirus requires what for the L3 to emerge from its egg?
Freeze and thaw -> large numbers emerge at the same time, usually in spring Lamb to Lamb disease
120
Pathogenesis and clinical signs of nematodirus?
Larvae interrupts intestinal mucosa Sudden onset of ill thrift in lambs Severe diarrhea Morality up to 30%
121
What can make Nematodirus diagnosis challenging ?
Clinical signs prior to PPP | Egg count of little value
122
Treatment and prevention of Nematodirus infection
Avoid pastures used the previous year in spring/early summer Prophylactic treatment; predictions
123
True or false: Resistance to one drug in a class confers resistance to all others
True
124
What is the best way to manage parasites without promoting anthelmitic resistance?
Animals will not be parasite fee Prevent clinical disease and production losses Maintain below economic threshold
125
What is the economic threshold in relation to parasites?
Density of a pest at which a control treatment will provide an economic return Point where loss is > the cost of treatment
126
What are strategies that decrease refugia?
Treating and moving to a clean pasture Treating when there are FEW larvae on pasture Treat ALL animals Anthelmitics with residual activity
127
In what two ways can breeding strategies contribute to parasite management ?
Resistance - animal can control parasite population Resilience - animal can better tolerate infections
128
What are the general characteristics of parasites in the superfamily Metastrongyloidea?
Indirect life cycle IH snail or slug L1 diagnostic stage (kinked posterior end)
129
What is the common name of Muellerius spp?
Lung worm
130
What are the hosts of Muellerius spp?
Sheep and goat | IH: molluscs
131
Identify Sheep Adult - embedded in lungs L1 S- shaped kink
Muellerius spp
132
Life cycle of Muellerius spp?
L1 in feces -> penetrate foot of mollusk Develop to L3 Sheep ingest L3 L3 migrate to lungs Develop to adult in lymph nodes and nodules in lungs
133
Site of infection of Muellerius spp?
Lungs
134
Nodular lesions looks and feels like "lead shot" in lung tissue
Muellerius spp
135
How do you treat and prevent Muellerius infections
Anthelmitics | Control of L3 difficult because they can live as long as mollusk is alive
136
Parelaphostrongylus tenuis hosts?
White tailed deer Abberent: equine, sheep, goat, llama, camel IH: molluscs
137
What is the common name of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis?
Meningeal worm
138
Parelaphostrongylus tenuis causes what disease in its abberent hosts?
Invade nervous tissue and cause neurological disease Fatal Not patent
139
Metatrongylus spp common name?
Pig lungworm
140
Hosts of Metastrongylus spp?
Pig | IH: earthworm
141
``` Identify Pig Slender white worms 6cm Small eggs with L1: irregular exterior Larger than Strongyloides spp ```
Metastrongylus spp
142
PPP of Metastrongylus spp?
4wks
143
What is the site of infection of Metastrongylus?
Bronchi and bronchioles
144
Pathogenesis and clinical signs of Metastrongylus spp?
Lung migration-> lesions Bronchitis and coughing Secondary infections
145
How do you diagnose Metastrongylus spp?
Eggs with L1 in fecal
146
Treatment and prevention of Metastrongylus spp?
Long lasting exposure due to earthworm reservoir Young severely affected Outdoor pigs have higher contact with earthworm
147
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus common name?
Cat lung worm
148
Hosts of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?
Cats IH: snails and slugs PH: bird, rodent, and frogs
149
Identify Aggregation of parasite in lung tissue of cat L1 with kinked tail in feces
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
150
Life cycle of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
L3 ingested -> migrate to lungs Females lay nests of eggs -> small gray nodules in lung parenchyma L1 hatch -> coughed up and swallowed -> feces L1 ingested by molluscs and develop to L3 PH ingest IH Cat ingest PH
151
Site of infection of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
Lung parenchyma and bronchioles
152
Clinical sign of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?
Chronic mild cough
153
Prevention of cat lungworm infection
Prevent access to IH and PH
154
French heartworm also known as?
Angiostrongylus vasorum
155
Common name of Filaroides (oslerus) osleri?
Tracheal worm
156
Host of Filaroides and Angiostrongylus ?
Dogs and wild carnivores
157
Filaroides osleri life cycle?
Direct L1 ingested, develop in lung Female lay eggs with larvae L1 hatch, expelled inundated sputum or pass in feces (Doesn't need an evnornmental stage -> mom to pups )
158
Identify Dog Nodules detected with bronchoscope L1 with kinked tail in feces or sputum Dog
Filaroides osleri
159
Treatment and prevention of Filaroides osleri?
Benzimidazoles reduce level | Persistent problem in kennels
160
PPP of Filaroides osleri
6-7months
161
Common lungworms found in dogs All causing cough and exercise intolerance
Filaroides osleri Filaroides hirthi Angiostronylus vasorum Crenosoma vulpis

RUSVM Parasitology (12 decks)

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