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Parasitology Laboratory > Trematodes > Flashcards

Trematodes Flashcards

1
Q

T OR F

Trematodes are roundworms

A

FALSE

Trematodes are flatworms

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2
Q

2 classes of flatworms

A

Flukes (Class Trematoda)
leaf-like

Tapeworms (Class Cestoda)
ribbon-like

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3
Q

leaf-life:

ribbon-like

A

leaf-life : Flukes (Class Trematoda)

ribbon-like: Tapeworms (Class Cestoda)

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4
Q

What is the first intermediate host for all the trematodes?

A

Snail

each of the snail are only specific for a particular parasite

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5
Q

Fascioplopsis buski infects what organ in humans?

A

Small intestine

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6
Q

The determination of Fasciolopsis versus Fasciola can only be accomplished in the laboratory by the recovery of what parasitic stage?

A

Adult worm

eggs are difficult to differentiate

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7
Q

What procedure must be done to recover the adult form of Clonorchis sinensis?

A

Surgery / Autopsy since Clonorchis is a liver fluke

Biopsy can also be done

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8
Q

What is the specimen of choice for the recovery of Heterophyes and Metagonimus?

A

Stool

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9
Q

What is the typical transmission route of Paragonimus to humans?

A

Ingestion of contaminated/infected second intermediate host (crayfish or crab)

Paragonimus is a lung fluke but the transmission is via ingestion and not inhalation

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10
Q

trematodes are classified based on

A

habitat of the adult

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11
Q

T OR F

All trematodes are flat and leaf-like

A

FALSE

All except Schistosomes.

Schistosomes are cylindrical in nature

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12
Q

term that refers to the parasite containing both the female and male reproductive organs in one adult

A

hermaphrodite or monoecious

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13
Q

T OR F

All are hermaphrodites except Schistosomes.

A

TRUE

Schistosomes have male and female adult

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14
Q

T OR F

All have well developed reproductive organs except for Schistosomes

A

FALSE

All have well developed reproductive organs

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15
Q

Term that refers to the egg cap, lid-like structure that acts as a passageway for the first larvae

A

Operculum

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16
Q

T OR F

All eggs are operculated

A

FALSE

All eggs are operculated except Schistosomes.

Schistosomes are non-operculated

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17
Q

T OR F

All require 2 IH except Schistosomes

A

TRUE

Schistosomes only require one intermediate host (snail) for its complete life cycle

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18
Q

T OR F

All have MOT of Oral/ingestion except for Schistosomes

A

TRUE

Schistosome - skin penetration of cercaria (infective stage)

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19
Q

Infective stage of Trematodes

A

Metacercaria

EXCEPT for Schistosome IS is Cercaria

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20
Q

What are the species that have larval stages which can penetrate the skin

A
  1. Schistosome (Cercaria)
  2. Hookworm (L3 Filariform)
  3. Threadworm (L3 Filariform)
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21
Q

T OR F

All trematodes have complete alimentary canal

A

FALSE

Alimentary Canal / Digestive tract is incomplete

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22
Q

T OR F

All possess 2 suckers except for Schistosomes

A

All possess 2 suckers except H. heterophyes

H.heterophyes has a third sucker called genital sucker or gonotyl

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23
Q

What are the suckers of trematodes/flukes and their uses

A

Oral sucker - mouth

Ventral sucker / Acetabulum - attachment

Genital sucker (H. heterophyes ONLY)

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24
Q

What does the cercaria look like

A

Cercaria is the IS of Schistosomes

It has forked tail (notched tail)

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25
Q

Big eggs

A

Schistosomes, Paragonimus, Fasciola, Fasciolopsis

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26
Q

Small eggs

A

Clonorchis, Opisthorchis, Heterophyes, Metagonimus

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27
Q

One way to identify trematodes are based on the

A

larvae inside

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28
Q

Embryonated /Mature Eggs

A

Schistosomes, Clonorchis, Opisthorchis, Heterophyes, Metagonimus, D. Dendriticum

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29
Q

Unembryonated/Immature Eggs

A

Paragonimus, Fasciola, Fasciolopsis, Echinostoma

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30
Q

Sample of choice to isolate the diagnostic stage

A

Stool

EXCEPT Schistosoma haematobium because it is found in urine

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31
Q

What is the diagnostic stage of trematodes

A

eggs

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32
Q

5 Larval stages

A

Miracidium

(1st IH) Sporocyst, Redia, Cercaria

(2nd IH) Metacercaria

Adult

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33
Q

Schistosome larval stages

A

Miracidium

(1st IH) Sporocyst, Cercaria

Adult

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34
Q

Fasciola hepatica is also called the

A

Liver fluke / Temperate liver fluke / Sheep liver fluke

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35
Q

Unique characteristic of adult Fasciola hepatica is

A

Prominent Cephalic cone and Shoulder

Large, broad and flat body

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36
Q

Unique characteristic of Fasciola hepatica egg

A

Hens egg

Unembryonated (immature)

Operculated

37
Q

Fasciola gigantica is also known as the

A

Tropical liver fluke

38
Q

Differences of Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica

A

Fasciola hepatica = prominent cephalic cone and developed shoulders

Fasciola gigantica = shorter cephalic cone and less developed shoulders

39
Q

Isolating
eggs:
adult:

A

eggs: stool
adult: surgery (biopsy or autopsy)

40
Q

What is pseudofascioliasis

A

you have ingested a contaminated liver fluke and presence of eggs in the stool but you are not infected

41
Q

Clonorchis sinensis is also known as

A

Chinese liver fluke

42
Q

T OR F

We can differentiate the eggs of Clonorchis and Opisthorchis

A

FALSE

eggs ng Clonorchis and Opistorchis, we cannot differentiate them

43
Q

T OR F

eggs of clonorchis are embryonated

A

TRUE

44
Q

Unique characteristic of Clonorchis egg

A

there is still shoulder near the operculum

SMALL KNOB opposite of the operculum

45
Q

T OR F

adult clonorchis and opisthorchis are almost similar

A

TRUE

46
Q

Difference between adult clonorchis and opisthorchis

A

TESTES

Clonorchis = highly brainching

Opisthorchis = lobed

47
Q

Two types of Opisthorchis

A

Viverrini

Felineus

48
Q

(Opisthorchis) Difference of
Viverrini
Felineus

A

Viverrini = deeply lobed testes

Felineus = shallow lobed testes

49
Q

found in the middle third of the body at the level of the uterus

A

Vitellaria

50
Q

What eggs are stained with potassium permanganate

A

Opisthorcis eggs

51
Q

Associated with renal stone / calculi

A

Opisthorcis

52
Q

T OR F

Eggs of Chlonorchis are indistinguishable from each other, but adults are distinguishable

A

TRUE

53
Q

DICROCOELIUM DENDRITICUM is also known as

A

Fasciola dendriticum or Fasciola lanceolata

Lanceolata fluke or Lancet fluke

54
Q

Resembles a lancet

A

D. dendriticum or Fasciola dendriticum

55
Q

Distinguishing feature of adul D. dendriticum / Fasciola dendriticum

A

testes is below the acetabulum

NO shoulder

56
Q

Pancreatic flukes

A

Euretyma pancreaticum – ZOONOTIC INFECTION

57
Q

The eggs of Euretyma pancreaticum resembles the

A

lancet flukes

58
Q

Intestinal flukes

A

Fasciolopsis buski
Echinostoma Ilocanum
Heterophyes heterophyes
Paragonimus Westermani

59
Q

Fasciolopsis buski is also known as

A

Giant intestinal fluke

60
Q

Habitat of Fasciolopsis buski

A

Intestine

61
Q

Eggs of fasciolopsis is similar to

A

eggs of the fasciola

62
Q

Difference between adult fasciolopsis and fasciola

A

Fasciolopsis doesn’t have cephalic cone and shoulders

Fasciolopsis is mataba kasi walang leeg

63
Q

Echinostoma ilocanum is also known as

A

Garrison’s fluke

64
Q

Unique feature of the adult Echinostoma ilocanum

A

Collar of spines / Circumoral disk

65
Q

Heterophyes heterophyes is also known as

A

Von Siebold’s fluke

66
Q

Distinguishing feature of adult H. heterophyes

A

Pyriform shaped

Smallest but deadliest

presence of gonodyl / genital sucker

67
Q

Distinguishing feature of H. heterophyes egg

A

light brown

ovoid shape

operculated

similar to Clonorchis and opisthorchis BUT Clonorchis and opisthorchis egg has knob-like protrusion

68
Q

Paragonimus westermani also known as the

A

Lung fluke / Oriental lung fluke

69
Q

Distinguishing feature of adult paragonimus westermani

A

Reddish-brown

Coffee bean shaped

Rounded anteriorly but tapered posteriorly

70
Q

Distinguishing feature of paragonimus westermani egg

A

Oval, yellowish-brown, thick shelled

Flattened but prominent operculum

Abopercular portion (thickening at the opposite of the operculum)

71
Q

Paragonimus westermani egg can be mistaken as

A

broad fish tapeworm

72
Q

Paragonimus westermani infection will develop

A

TB-like infection / primary tuberculosis

73
Q

Schistosome is also known as

A

blood fluke

74
Q

Habitat of schistosome

A

blood

75
Q

What are the schistosomes

A

Schistosoma japonicum
Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosoma haematobium

76
Q

How to differentiate the schistosomes

A

Best way to differentiate (up to the species level) is the appearance of the egg.

77
Q

Features of schistosomes that are different from the rest of the trematodes

A

cylindrical in nature

dioecious

non-operculated

Only requires 1 IH

only 3 larval stages

MOT is through skin penetration of cercaria

78
Q

Unique feature of adult male and female schistosome

A

they copulate for life

79
Q

Unique feature of adult male schistosome

A

presence gynecophoral canal / gynecophoric canal

80
Q

Canal where female is positioned

Assists in sperm transfer

Used for copulation

A

gynecophoral canal / gynecophoric canal

81
Q

ingest RBC and absorb nutrients in blood for survival, that’s why they are parasite

A

schistosomes

82
Q

Predominant schistosome specie in the philippines

A

Schistosoma japonicum

83
Q

T OR F

Eggs alone is sufficient to identify the Schistosomes up to the species level

A

TRUE

84
Q

Unique feature of eggs of schistosome

A

Presence of spines

85
Q

Differences of species of schistosome

A

S. japonicum - small lateral spine (knob-like protruberance)

S. mansoni - Large lateral spine

S. haematobium - Large terminal spine

86
Q

SAmple of choice for Schistosome

A

still the stool EXCEPT for S. haematobium because it is the urine

87
Q

S. mansoni and S. japnocum cases are found in

A

africa

88
Q

what is the infective stage of schistosome

A

cercaria larvae

89
Q

Once the cercaria penetrates the skin and removes its tail then it is called

A

schistosomule

Parasitology Laboratory (12 decks)

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