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Parasitology Laboratory > Nematodes > Flashcards

Nematodes Flashcards

1
Q

This term refers to the absence of mammillary coat in an Ascaris egg.

A

DECORTICATED

mammillary coat: outermost layer

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2
Q

What do you call the structures found on polar ends of Trichuris egg?

A

(prominent) BIPOLAR PLUGS

it is also known as bipolar mucus plugs or hyaline plugs

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3
Q

Scotch tape swab is best done

A

EARLY MORNING.

before the patient defecates / washes

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4
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Ascaris lumbricoides is capable of heart-lung migration.

A

TRUE

A. lumbricoides can cause Löffler’s syndrome

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5
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Presence of spicules is unique for a female nematode

A

FALSE

spicules are used for copulation only seen in male nematode

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6
Q

Nematodes are ___

resemble earthworms

A

Roundworms

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7
Q

a cross-section of nematode under the microscope is what shape

A

Round shape

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8
Q

Nematodes are characterized as

A

non-segmented, elongated, cylindrical

unlike flatworms that are segmented

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9
Q

Nematodes have complete ___

A

digestive system

have point of entry (mouth) & point of exit (anus)

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10
Q

In nematodes :

term that describes having male and female sexes (?)

A

Diecious
separate sexes
there is a male and a female nematode

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11
Q

Difference of male and female nematodes

A

male nematodes:
- are smaller compared to
females
- have a curve tail

female nematodes:
have a straight tail

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12
Q

also called Giant Intestinal Roundworm

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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13
Q

biggest nematode

almost the same size with earthworm

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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14
Q

Habitat of Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Small Intestine

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15
Q

Unique characteristic of Ascaris lumbricoides

A

erratic (can also be present in an unusual habitat like in the lungs, nose, anus)

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16
Q

Final host of of Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Man

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17
Q

Infective stage of Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Embryonated Egg

Stage that will infect the host

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18
Q

Diagnostic stage of Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Egg
Stage that needs to be detected to diagnose the parasitic infection

Egg: fertilized or unfertilized
Seen in fresh specimens

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19
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

only fresh fertilized egg of ascaris lumbricoides is the diagnostic stage

A

FALSE

fertilized or unfertilized

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20
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Embryonated egg is considered a diagnostic stage

A

FALSE
Embryonated egg is never considered a diagnostic stage

Embryonation occurs in the soil

Soil-transmitted helminths require soil for embryonation

It will take some time for the egg to be embryonated and there will be larvae

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21
Q

Soil-transmitted helminths embryonates in ___

A

soil

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22
Q

MOT of Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Ingestion

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23
Q

Considered as the Disease of Poverty

Poor are mostly infected

A

Ascaris lumbricoides infection

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24
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides adult morphology

A

Do not need a microscope for visualization
This is big/large

Spicule
Complete digestive tract
Mouth is usually trilobe/trilips (three lips)
Whitish-pinkish with smooth striated cuticles

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25
Q

Female Ascaris lumbricoides adult morphology

A

Straight posterior end

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26
Q

male Ascaris lumbricoides adult morphology

A

Curved posterior end

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27
Q

Part of Ascaris lumbricoides

found at the tail
Part of the male nematode
Never found in the female

A

Spicule

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28
Q

Part of Ascaris lumbricoides:

For copulation

A

Spicule

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29
Q

size of Ascaris lumbricoides:

Male:
Female:

A

Male: 10-31 cm
Female: 22-35 cm

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30
Q

How many eggs can a female Ascaris lumbricoides lay?

A

200,000 eggs per day

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31
Q

What stage of Ascaris lumbricoides:

No longer develops into embryonated egg

A

Ascaris lumbricoides unfertilized egg

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32
Q

What stage of Ascaris lumbricoides:

Usually longer and narrower than fertilized egg.

A

Ascaris lumbricoides unfertilized egg

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33
Q

What stage of Ascaris lumbricoides:

Thin egg shell

Can see irregularly shaped refractile granules or fat globules inside.

A

Ascaris lumbricoides unfertilized egg

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34
Q

Presence of mamillary layer or albuminous layer (Gives the unusual shape/shapeless)

A

Corticated

Seen in both fertilized and unfertilized Ascaris lumbricoides egg

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35
Q

Without mamillary layer

A

Decorticated

Seen in both fertilized and unfertilized Ascaris lumbricoides egg

36
Q

What stage of Ascaris lumbricoides:

Round to slightly oval

With yellow brown irregular or with the presence of mammillary layer or sometimes wala

A

Ascaris lumbricoides fertilized egg

37
Q

What stage of Ascaris lumbricoides:

Thick eggshell

A

Ascaris lumbricoides fertilized egg

38
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides fertilized egg has the Presence of inner layer (several layers) called

This differs fertilized egg from unfertilized egg

A

vitelline layer or lipoidal(?) inner layer

39
Q

Decorticated fertilized egg can be mistaken as

A

hookworm kasi parang smooth

40
Q

What stage of Ascaris lumbricoides:

presence of the larvae inside, may nakikita ka ng uod and that is now the infective stage

A

Embryonated egg

41
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides pathology

in most cases it is ___

A

Asymptomatic

in most cases

42
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides pathology

in gravid infection it causes

A

Intestinal obstruction

blockage in intestine
intestine mo punong puno ng uod
best way to remove if di kaya ng gamot is through surgical removal

43
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides pathology

migration of ascaris to the lungs

A

Loeffler’s Syndrome

44
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides pathology

Ascaris can actually cause lung larvae migration or pneumonitis

A

Pneumonitis

45
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides Diagnosis

A

DFS,
Kato-Katz,
FECT

46
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

sometimes it is not the eggs that is seen in the sample but rather the adult

A

TRUE

47
Q

Of all the parasite what is the most erratic

A

Ascaris lumbricoides adult

48
Q

Also called Whipworm

A

Trichuris trichiura

49
Q

it resembles latigo

A

Trichuris trichiura

50
Q

Habitat of Trichuris trichiura

A

Large intestine

51
Q

all nematodes live in the small intestine except fo

A

Trichuris and Enterobius

52
Q

Final host of Trichuris trichiura

A

Man

53
Q

Infective stage of Trichuris trichiura

A

Embryonated egg

54
Q

Diagnostic stage of Trichuris trichiura

A

Egg

55
Q

MOT of Trichuris trichiura

A

Ingestion

56
Q

TRUE OR FALSE Ascaris and Trichuris have the same final host, infective stage, diagnostic stage and MOT

A

TRUE

57
Q

Trichuris trichiura Morphology (SIZE and TAIL)

Male:
Female:

A

Male: smaller
has curve posterior tail (360 degrees coiled tail), yung pag-ikot niya, unique sa Trichuris trichiura ADULT

Female: bigger
has a straight or bland posterior end.

Both have anterior portion that is the thin while the large part is the posterior

58
Q

Unique characteristic of Trichuris trichiura male adult

A

360 degrees coiled tail

59
Q

How many eggs can a Trichuris female lay?

A

3,000 to 10,00 eggs per day

60
Q

Stage of Trichuris trchiura:

PROMINENT BIPOLAR PLUGS

Barrel shaped or lemon shape

A

Trichuris trichiura Egg Morphology

61
Q

Pathology of Trichuris trchiura infection

A

Asymptomatic ( no signs and symptoms)

Blood in stool

Diarrhea

Rectal prolapse – gravid situation

62
Q

A trichuris trichiura manifestation in gravid situation:

The portion of the intestine is brought out to the outside world
The thinner portion penetrates the intestinal mucosa, then the posterior end hangs on

A

Rectal prolapse – gravid situation

63
Q

Diagnosis of Trichuris trchiura

A

DFS,
Kato-Katz,
FECT

64
Q

Also known as Pinworm, seatworm (Tiwa), worm of society

A

Enterobius vermicularis

65
Q

worm of society — the nematode that can infect the rich and poor

A

Enterobius vermicularis

66
Q

Habitat of Enterobius vermicularis

A

Large intestine

67
Q

Final host of Enterobius vermicularis

A

Man

68
Q

Infective stage of Enterobius vermicularis

A

embryonated egg

69
Q

diagnostic stage of Enterobius vermicularis

A

egg

70
Q

MOT of Enterobius vermicularis

A

ingestion, inhalation, autoinfection, retroinfection

71
Q

Inhalation is a unique MOT of this nematode

A

Enterobius vermicularis

72
Q

a Enterobius vermicularis MOT:

when you get the embryonated egg (from perianal area) and you have ingested it

You are the source of infection

A

Autoinfection

73
Q

a Enterobius vermicularis MOT:

occurs when the egg hatches in the perianal area and then enters the body via the perianal area

A

Retroinfection

74
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Eggs of ascaris and trichiuris have fast embryonation compared to enterobius

A

FALSE

Ascaris trichiuris by which embryonation usually occurs for several days, the embyonation in Enterobius occurs as fast as 4-6 hours

75
Q

several days, the embryonation:

4-6 hours embryonation:

A

several days, the embryonation: Ascaris and Trichura

4-6 hours embryonation: Enterobius

76
Q

Enterobius Vermicularis Morphology

Adult Female tail:

Adult male tail:

A

Adult Female tail:
long, pointed tail (arrow) leading to the common name of pinworm. They are about 8-13 mm in length.

Adult male tail:
curved, relatively blunt posterior tail

77
Q

How many eggs can Enterobius Vermicularis lay?

A

4672-16,800 eggs per day; an average of 11,105 eggs per day

78
Q

The eggs of Enterobius vermicularis in the air is still viable for

A

13 days

79
Q

Enterobius vermicularis pathology

A

Nocturnal pruritus ani

Secondary bacterial infections

Insomnia

Vulvovaginits

80
Q

Enterobius vermicularis diagnosis

A

PERIANAL SWAB (recommended)

FECT

Appendix during appendectomy

81
Q

5% of the Enterobius eggs are found in __, while 95% are found in ___

A

stool

Perianal area

82
Q

Unique characteristic of adult Enterobius vermicularis is the presence of

A

Cephalic Alae or lateral wings at anterior end

83
Q

Parts of Adult male Enterobius

A

Esophageal bulb at anterior end

Spicule at posterior tail

84
Q

D-shaped egg because one of the sides is flattened

approximately 25 x 60 um in size

has a thin shell

A

egg of E. vermicularis

85
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Cephalic alae is found in the anterior end of adult Enterobius vermicularis.

A

TRUE

86
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Male pinworm can be recovered in scotch tape swab.

A

FALSE
What is recovered and detected is actually the female, but is very rare (but there is still a possibility) but NEVER the male

Parasitology Laboratory (12 decks)

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