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Parasitology Laboratory > Malaria pt2 > Flashcards

Malaria pt2 Flashcards

1
Q

malarial parasites Infecting the RBCs would cause

A

malarial

paroxysm

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2
Q

malarial stage/cycle:

sporogony occurring in definitive host

A

SExual stage

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3
Q

malarial stage/cycle:

(schizogony occurring in the
intermediate host)

A

Asexual stage

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4
Q

This is the mosquito that commonly carries

malarial parasites.

A

Anopheles Minimus Flavirostris mosquito.

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5
Q

Harbors the Asexual reproduction of the parasite for it to continue
its cycle going back to the moquito.

A

MAN (IH)

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6
Q

This happens when red blood
cells are exploding because they are being
infected by the parasite a.k.a. The
Plasmodium spp.

A

Malarial paroxysm

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7
Q

Chronic malaria leads to

A

anemia

which is associated with
impaired physical and mental growth and development in
children. In pregnancy, anemia is a leading contributor to
maternal morbidity and mortality, and is associated with
risk of cardiac failure and adverse perinatal outcomes.

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8
Q

Also known as the asexual reproduction

which happens in man.

A

Schizogony

sporozoite to gametocyte

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9
Q

This is the process wherein schizonts are produced.

A

Schizogony (asexual reproduction in man)

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10
Q

can infect hepatocytes and RBCs
due to the contents which are your
merozoites.

A

Schizonts

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11
Q

This is the sexual reproduction of the
parasite which happens inside the female Anopheles
mosquito.

A

Sporogony

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12
Q

leads to the formation of

sporozoites.

A

leads to the formation of

sporozoites.

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13
Q

Once the female anopheles has injected the sporozoites, These sporozoites will infect firstly, the

A

liver (hepatocytes/parenchymal cells?)

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14
Q

What organ does schizogony takes place

A

liver

also known as pre-erythrocytic
schizogony or exo-erythrocytic schizogony

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15
Q

Immature schizonts are called

A

schizones?

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16
Q

Stage of the formation of merozoites

A

schizones

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17
Q

contents that are formed inside the liver cells and they
are capable of infecting red blood cells and other liver
cells.

A

merozoites

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18
Q

The moment that the schizont explodes, it will release the ___ and it can infect the RBCs and liver cells.

A

Merozoites

Release of merozoites after the bursting of
hepatocytes will infect other liver cells and just repeat
its cycle.

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19
Q

These dormant stages of parasites inside the

liver cells are deadly and they are called

A

hypnozoites

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20
Q

Hypnozoites are formed from

A

merozoites that stayed inside the hepatocytes and

these are called the “dormant stages” of malaria.

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21
Q

Formation of hypnozoites are very common in infections of

A

P. vivax and P. ovale

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22
Q

Clinical features (signs and symptoms) of malarial infection is seen when

A

the malarial parasite is already inside the peripheral blood (RBCs)

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23
Q

Merozoites will enter RBCs and it will undergo

A

asexual reproduction

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24
Q

the type of asexual

reproduction inside the RBC is called as the

A

“erythrocytic shizogony.”

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25
Q

When merozoites infect RBCs, it will form

A

ring form

immature trophozoite
with chromatin dot and cytoplasm.

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26
Q

stage of parasite with ring inside, chromatin dot and cytoplasm

A

ring form / immature trophozoites

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27
Q

The most distinct ring forms are seen in what species

A

P. falciparum and P. vivax

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28
Q

the mature trophozoites in RBCs will developp into

A

schizonts with merozoites

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29
Q

In the RBCs some merozoites will develop as either

A

micro and macrogametocyte (gametogony) or erythrocytic shizogony

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30
Q

In order for the female anopheles to be infected it has to suck what stage parasite

A

both the micro and macrogametocyte

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31
Q

Inside the mosquito, they will reunite and it will form a zygote or ookinete
(motile form of zygote) and is capable of going to the
gut

A

Microgametocyte and macrogametocyte

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32
Q

Inside the mosquito, the zygote has a flagellate and can go to the gut and form

A

oocytes –> oocyst / sporoplast

contains many sporozoites

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33
Q

Stages of parasite in mosquito

A

Zygote - This forms after the union of gametocytes.

Ookinete - developed zygote; spindle shaped; found in gut of mosquito

Oocyst - develop and contain spotozoite

Sporozoite - found in the salivary glands

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34
Q

The entire developmental cycle in the mosquito take

A

8 to 35 days, depending to some extent

on ambient temperature

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35
Q

Stages of parasite in man

A

sporozoites are injected in man

Schizont - dividing forms of parasite

Trophozoite - growing form

Gametocyte - sexual forms

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36
Q

Usually applique or Accolle in P. falciparum

A

Ring form (trophozoite) found protruding on the surface

Applique means at the
periphery of the RBC.

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37
Q

P. falciparum infect what type of RBCs

A

Young (reticulocytes)

Old

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38
Q

Asexual schizogony takes place ___ hours upon infection

A

36-48 hours

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39
Q

Distinguishable features of macrogametocyte and microgametocyte in P. falciparum

A

Macrogametocyte: crescent-shaped medyo mataba; Compact Chromatin

Microgametocyte: banana-shaped, or
sausage-shaped in appearance; Diffuse Chromatin

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40
Q

Double ring form / Double chromatid dot – common in what specie

A

P. falciparum

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41
Q

Double ring form / double chromatid dot is caused by

A

1:1 or 1:2 (one red cell infected by two parasites resulting to the double ring form)

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42
Q

P. falciparum is considered the most dangerous malarial parasite because

A

it has the highest number of merozoites in a single red cell

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43
Q

Causative agent of Malignant Tertian

malaria or Black Water Fever

A

P. falciparum

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44
Q

What is the malaria caused by P. falciparum

A

Malignant Tertian

malaria or Black Water Fever

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45
Q

P. falciparum has presence of RBC stages:

A

ring forms

Gametocyte

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46
Q

Very seldom trophozoite is seen in this specie

A

P. falciparum

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47
Q

Dot / stippling seen in P. falciparum

A

Maurer’s dot

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48
Q

Also called tropical malaria

A

p. falciparum

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49
Q

Has a febrile / erythrocytic cycle / paroxysmal cycle of 48 hours

A

P. vivax

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50
Q

P. vivax causes what malaria

A

Benign tertian malaria

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51
Q

P. vivax affects what stage of RBCs

A

Young / reticulocytes /

polychromatic erythrocytes

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52
Q

Size of Parasitized

RBC of P. vivax

A 
Enlarged RBC (1.5 – 2
times)
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53
Q

Size of Parasitized

RBC of P. falciparum

A

Normal

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54
Q

what stages of P. vivax are present inside RBCs

A

All stages present

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55
Q

Trophozoite of P. vivax is characterized as

A

Ameboid (bizarre looking; IRREGULAR shaped)

56
Q

Trophozoite of P. falciparum is characterized as

A

Heavy ring forms; not commonly seen

57
Q

How many merozoites in P. vivax

A

12-24

58
Q

microgametocyte and macrogametocyte of P. vivax

A

Microgametocyte: Round; large pink to purple chromatin mass surrounded by a pale halo

Macrogametocyte: Round; eccentric chromatin mass

59
Q

Dots / Stippling of P. vivax

A

Schuffner’s (eosinophilic) more common

60
Q

dot or stippling that is characterized by
Pink, fine granules in the infected red blood cells.
○ Medyo mamula mula or eosinophilic in nature.

A

Schuffner’s dots in P. vivax

61
Q

What specie has a ring form with 1/3 diameter of RBC
• Heavy Chromatin Dot
• Signet Ring
Appearance

A

P. vivax ring form`

62
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Usually in a malarial parasite, except in P. falciparum, the
ring form is found inside/middle of the RBC

A

TRUE

63
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

P. falciparum schizont is easily detected in blood smear

A

FALSE

P. falciparum schizont is usually not detected in blood
smear unless it’s already in the severe form of the
malaria

64
Q

The second most common malarial parasite found in the

Philippines is the

A

P. vivax

65
Q

Infected RBCs are Enlarged are caused by

A

P. vivax and P. ovale

66
Q

Infected RBCs are in normal shaped are caused by

A

P. falciparum and P. malariae

67
Q

o Usually seen in almost all erythrocytes that contains the
mature stages of the malarial parasite
o These are said to be the degradation products of
hemoglobin

A

Hemozoin pigment

68
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

All malarial species have a gametocyte that are rounded in shape

A

FALSE

vivax, malariae, and ovale are usually
rounded but for falciparum, it is sausage-shaped or banana
shaped and not knowlesi

69
Q

P. ovale cuases what malaria

A

ovale tertian malaria

70
Q

Infected RBCs of P. ovale causes

A

Enlarged, Oval, Fimbriated, Serrated

71
Q

Predominant stage or stages present in RBC of P. vivax

A

all stages are present (but mostly trophozoite?)

72
Q

Ring form of P. ovale is

A

larger rings

similar to P. vivax

73
Q

Trophozoite of P. ovale is characterized as

A

Ring shaped; non ameboid;

74
Q

Number of merozoites in P. ovale

A

8 merozoites

75
Q

Gametocytes of P. ovale are

A

Both round like P. vivax but smaller compared to P. vivax

76
Q

Hemozoin pigments of the P. ovale

A

James dots

○ Shows pores/porous
○ coarser/darker in color
○ Red orange color

77
Q

Febrile/

Erythrocytic Cycle/ Paroxysmal cycle of P. malariae

A

72 hours

78
Q

P. malariae causes what malaria

A

Quartan Malaria

79
Q

P. malariae infects what stage of RBCs

A

Old / Senescent

80
Q

Predominant stage present in RBCs infected by P. malariae

A

Few Rings, mostly
trophozoites and
schizonts

81
Q

Ring forms of P. malariae is characterized as

A 
• Smaller rings (1/8 of
cell)
• Heavy Chromatin
Dot (Bird’s Eye
Appearance)
82
Q

Trophozoite of P. malariae is characterized as

A

Band Shaped
Trophozoite; Basket
Forms may be seen

83
Q

Number of MErozoites of P. malariae schizonts

A

6 – 12 Merozoites;
Rosette or Fruit pie
appearance

84
Q

Hemozoin pigment of P. malariae

A

Ziemann’s

85
Q

Micro and Macrogametoyte of P. malariae are characterized as

A

Round and smaller than P. vivax

86
Q

Ring form forms bird’s eye appearance

A

P. malariae

87
Q

Malaria caused by P. knowlesi

A

Quotidian Malaria

88
Q

Non-relapsing Plasmodium specie

A

P. knowlesi (and P. falciparum??)

89
Q

PReferred specimen for diagnosing malaria

A

Peripheral/Capillary Blood collected at the height of

the fever or every 6-8 hours

90
Q

In diagnosing P. malaria we can only detect ____ and ___ 10 days after symptoms begin

A

Ring forms

Gametocyte 10 days after symptoms begin

91
Q

Obtaining smears every _ to _ hours is usually appropriate

A

6 to 8 hours

92
Q

smear for parasite screening and sensitivity

A

Thick smear

93
Q

smear for Identification and specificity

A

Thin smear

94
Q

Smear for parasite screening

A

Thick smear

95
Q

Smear for parasite identification.

A

Thin smear

96
Q

Size of blood drop for thick smear

A

dime or 25 centavo coin

97
Q

Angle of the pusher / spreader slide in making the smear

A

45 degrees angle

98
Q

Thick film smears must be completely __ before staining

A

air dry before staining

99
Q

Puncture the finger about __ deep

A

2mm

100
Q

To control the size of the blood drop on the slide,

A

touch the finger

to the slide from below.

101
Q

For the think smear, using the corner of another slide, spread the blood drop into the shape of a

A

circle or square with a size of ~1cm^2 or size of a dime or 25 centavo coin

102
Q

Scanning for the presence of Malarial Parasites should be

done under what microscope objective

A

Oil immersion objective

103
Q

smear for For malarial count

A

Thick smear

104
Q

Dehemoglobinizing agent for thick smear

A

distilled water

Dehemoglobinize with water before staining with Giemsa

105
Q

What smear can be stained immediately no need to fix with MEOH (Methanol)

A

Thick smear

106
Q

Giemsa pH

A

7.2-7.4

adjusted by adding phosphate buffered
saline to the Giemsa Staining Solution

107
Q

Formula of no. of malarial parasite in uL

A

of malarial parasite / 200 * 8000

108
Q

Smear Used mainly for identification of species using its morphology.

A

Thin smear

109
Q

Smear that has to be fixed with MEOH (methanol) or Methyl alcohol before staining with Giemsa

A

Thin smear

110
Q

Diagnostic Tests for malarial parasite

A 
Thick and Thin Smear
Quantitative Buffy coat
Rapid Diagnostic Test
Serologic Test
Molecular Methods
111
Q

Diagnostic test that makes use of Immunochromatography in nature

A

RDTs Rapid Diagnostic Test

112
Q

Diagnostic test that detects Plasmodium-specific antigen (Ags)

A

RDTs Rapid Diagnostic Test

113
Q

What are the Plasmodium-specific antigen (Ags)

A

Hrp-2 Histidine-rich protein 2 - P. falciparum

PLDH Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase - sexual and asexual stage; P. falciparum and non-P. falciparum

Plasmodium aldolase
- produced by all plasmodium species

114
Q

Diagnostic test that makes use of fluorescence microscope

A

QBC Quantitative buffy coat

Makes use of WBCs

115
Q

Diagnostic test that makes use of Acridine orange stain

A

QBC Quantitative buffy coat

Buffy coat will be stained with acridine orange for it to be viewed under fluorescence microscope

Capillary tube lalagyan ng capillary blood & incubate
it with acridine orange stain and you will see…

116
Q

Color of the parasite under fluorescence microscope

A

Bright green and Yellow (Apple green and yellow green)

117
Q

water soluble
proteins which are produced by both trophozoites and
young gametocytes. This is very helpful to detect
(screening only but will not confirm presence /
absence of..) P. falciparum.

A

HRP-2 (histidine rich protein-2)

118
Q

This plasmodium specific antigen is highly sensitive for diagnosis of severe malaria from all species.

A

pLDH

119
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

pLDH and aldolase based RDT demonstrated sufficiently
high overall sensitivity for P. knowlesi.

A

FALSE

neither the
pLDH nor aldolase based RDT demonstrated sufficiently
high overall sensitivity for P. knowlesi.

120
Q

Advantages of the RDTs

A

• You can have the result as fast as 15-30 minutes,
depending on the manufacturer.
• Can be used even without electricity kasi ang kailangan
mo lang ay yung kit
• Special equipment are not needed
• No need for training in microscopy

121
Q

Disadvantages of the RDTs

A

• Lack of sensitivity at low levels of parasitemia which may
result to false negative result
•can detect the absence or presence of a malarial
parasite, but it cannot quantify the parasite density.
Inability to quantify the parasite density.
• It cannot differentiate Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium
malariae, and Plasmodium vivax.
• Persistent positive despite parasite clearance.
• More expensive compared to the thick and thin blood
smear

122
Q

2 types of serologic test

A

IFAT Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test

IHA Indirect Hemagglutination

ELISA Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ????

123
Q

Principle of QBC

A

The principle of this procedure is that the acridine orange
will bind to the nucleic acids of the malarial parasite
(nucleus)

o RBCs will not stain because it lacks a nucleus (mature
red cells do not have a nucleus)

124
Q

A serologic test involved in the detection of Plasmodium bodies

A

IFAT Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test

125
Q

Indirect testing :

Direct testing:

A

Indirect testing : antibodies

Direct testing: Antigen

126
Q

This molecular method significantly
enhances microscopic diagnosis of malaria especially in low
cases of parasitemia and mixed infection.

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

127
Q

Band formation, rosette arrangement of merozoites and
normal sized infected RBCs are all associated with which
species of Plasmodium? Give the complete scientific name

A

Plasmodium malariae that causes Quartan Malaria

128
Q

True or False: IFAT detects antibodies against Plasmodium

A

True
○ IFAT is used to identify antibodies caused by
Plasmodium infection

129
Q

Which species of Plasmodium is endemic in South East
Asia and can be mistaken for P. malariae? Give the
complete scientific name

A

Plasmodium knowlesi
○ It was zoonotic before but cases nowadays have
seen cross-infection between monkeys and apes to humans. Little by little, it is transforming to a
Plasmodium capable of infecting humans.
○ This plasmodium is sometimes mistaken as
Plasmodium malariae

130
Q

Sausage shaped gametocytes, accole and applique ring
forms are all associated with which species of
Plasmodium? Give the complete scientific name

A

Plasmodium falciparum
○ Accolé and applique ring forms are seen in RBCs.
There are a lot of these in the peripheral blood
that would show multiple infections caused by P.
falciparum.
○ Sausage-shaped gametocytes: these are the
microgametocytes (male)
➢ Chromatin dots are clumped in male
gametocytes
○ Macro gametocytes (female): mataba ng onti.
Chromatin dots are diffused

131
Q

True or False: Fixation of the thick smear is required

A

False
○ Fixation is only required in thin smear using
methanol. Thick smear would only require
dehemoglobinization and then staining.

132
Q

Infective stage to the FH in the life cycle of Plasmodium

A

Gametocyte

133
Q

Which Plasmodium produces a rosette pie appearing

schizont? (Give the complete scientific name)

A

Plasmodium malariae Schizonts

134
Q

Which species has the longest paroxysmal cycle? (Give the

complete scientific name)

A

P. malariae (72 hours) (research only)

135
Q

The most virulent species of Plasmodium causing malaria?

Give the complete scientific name

A

Plasmodium falciparum

136
Q

The sequence of chills, fever and sweating occur every

_____ hours in cases of quartan malaria.

A

2-4 hours
○ The malaria paroxysm comprises three
successive stages. The first is a 15-to-60 minute
cold stage characterized by shivering and a
feeling of cold. Next comes the 2-to-6 hour hot
stage, in which there is fever, sometimes
reaching 41°C, flushed, dry skin, and often
headache, nausea, and vomiting. Finally, there is
the 2-to-4 hour sweating stage during which the
fever drops rapidly and the patient sweats.

137
Q

Enumerate 2 malarial antigens detected by Rapid

Diagnostic Test.

A

Histidine rich protein 2, Plasmodium Lactate

[Dehydrogenase and Aldolase]

Parasitology Laboratory (12 decks)

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