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Parasitology Laboratory > Nematodes pt. 2 > Flashcards

Nematodes pt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Enumerate 3 nematodes whose diagnostic stage is the ova stage

A

● Ascaris lumbricoides
● Trichuris trichiura
● Enterobius vermicularis

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2
Q

“True roundworms”

A

Nematodes

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3
Q

Non-segmented, has parallel sides, elongated, not flat

Bilaterally symmetrical

A

Nematodes

“True roundworms”

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4
Q

Phylum of nematode

A

Phylum Nemathelminthes

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5
Q

Nematodes lack

Not flat because

A

endoskeleton (bones in humans)

Cylindrical

Not flat because of hemolymph - a fluid present in their body that will actually make them distended
that makes them cylindrical

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6
Q

Complete set of digestive system means that they

have:

A

mouth, intestine, and exit point (or excretory
organ) by which they can eliminate their waste
product.

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7
Q

Nematodes have what organ systems:

A

Digestive System

Nervous System

Reproductive system

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8
Q

Nematodes’ nervous system is in the form of __ and are found in __

A

Receptors

Cuadal (head) – Chemoreceptors

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9
Q

They can
reproduce and have separate sexes

separate male and separate female nematode

A

Dioecious

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10
Q

Nematodes MOT

A

Ingestion of eggs

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11
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

In parasites, there is a corresponding
stage of a parasite that can infect man. This
means that all other stages are non-infective to
the host.

There is only a particular state that
can infect the host

A

TRUE

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12
Q

2 Types of Eggs

A

■ Unembryonated:

■ Embryonated:

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13
Q

Types of Egg

○ immature, non-segmented egg

A

■ Unembryonated

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14
Q

Types of Egg

There is already a developing larva inside

A

■ Embryonated

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15
Q

Types of Egg

Segmented – Also called a segmented egg.

A

■ Embryonated

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16
Q

Types of Egg

infective to man/host.

A

■ Embryonated

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17
Q

stage that can penetrate the skin

A

Larva: another possible infective stage

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18
Q

Vector

A

filarial worms

The infective L3 or the filiform is to be
introduced to the human host by means of a
mosquito vector (vector-borne).
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19
Q

Unusual modes of acquiring:

A

➢ Inhalation
➢ Close-contact
■ Ex. Normal route of acquiring E. vermicularis
is through ingestion. However the same
parasite can also be acquired through
inhalation or close-contact (sexual intimacy)
and other modes.

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20
Q

5 stages of Nematode

A 
Egg
L1 - Rhabditiform
L2
L3 - Filariform
Adult (mature)
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21
Q

If we are doing the harada mori method of culture,

after 7 days of incubating, we expect to harvest what larva

A

L1 rhabditiform larva

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22
Q

Distinct characteristics of Male vs. Female parasite

A

Size:
F - Larger
M - Smaller

Length:
F - Longer
M - shorter

Posterior-end:
F - pointed
M - Curved

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23
Q

Pan-like structure for some worms

A

bursa (there is a spicule?)

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24
Q

For Male ascaris there is a

A

spicule

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25
Q

Sometimes in female worms, you will be able to
see a round-like structure that is present
mid-way the body of the adult worm; this is called the

It is also a marker that the
parasite is female

A

Genital

girdle/genital ring

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26
Q

Female parasite can be

A

parthenogenetic

a reproductive strategy that involves development of a female (rarely a male) gamete (sex cell) without fertilization.

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27
Q

Types of Female parasites

A

Oviparous

Larviparous / Viviparous

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28
Q

Type of Female parasite:

“egg laying”

A

Oviparous

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29
Q

examples of Oviparous

A

Ascaris, Trichuris, Enterobius

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30
Q

Type of Female parasite:

lays larva

A

Larviparous/ Viviparous

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31
Q

Examples of Larviparous/ Viviparous

A

Trichinella, filiariae

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32
Q

only the first
generation of capillaria is larviparous female
then it will transform to oviparous female

A

Capillaria Philippinensis

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33
Q

free-living; may or may not require male
for fertilization / may or may not require male for
copulation or reproduction.

A

Parthenogenic:

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34
Q

Self-fertilization

A

Parthenogenetic:

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35
Q

Example of Parthenogenetic

A

Strongyloides Stercoralis - Parasitic form

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36
Q

Strongyloides Stercoralis has 2 possible forms:

A

Free living form - male and female; can be

Parasitic form - exhibit parthenogenesis

Parasitic form is found inside the body of the host.

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37
Q

What type of adult worm is present inside
the body of a human host infected by
Strongyloides Stercoralis?

A

mature form → Adult

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38
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
Both male and female Strongyloides
stercoralis are found in the body of the infected host

A

FALSE

Only the female Strongyloides
stercoralis is found in the body of the
infected host because they can exhibit
parthenogenesis.

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39
Q

type of nematode Typically common among third world countries and
those with humid temperatures

A

ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES

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40
Q

The socio demographic factors where you can find Ascaris lumbricoides is

A

within the poor

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41
Q

common among school-age children. According to

DOH ages:

A

6-12 years old children are common individuals

found with an infection due to Ascaris lumbricoides

42
Q

It is very possible that the other (2)

parasites will be present when one of the (3) is found.

A

UNHOLY 3:

Ascaris, Trichuris, Hookworm

43
Q

Embryonation happens in

A

soil

44
Q

common in rural areas. They use human
feces as fertilizer and this allows for
embryonation to happen.

A

night soil

45
Q

Embryonation is possible

with the ff. Factors:

A 
➢ Humidity
➢ Oxygen
➢ Soil
➢ pH
➢ Temperature
46
Q

This parasite is capable of heart-lung migration

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

It will first enter the body and when the larva hatches
it will undergo heart-lung migration. The moment
that it becomes larva (L3), once you swallow, it will go
to the digestive system where it will grow into adult
forms and experience a reproductive cycle (it will lay
eggs again).

47
Q

Ascaris lubricoides can cause irritation to the lungs that can be seen
together with

A

Ascaris pneumonitis or Loeffler’s

syndrome.

48
Q

Hyperinfection of Ascaris lumbricoides It can infect other organs such as

A

bile duct and pancreas

49
Q

A severe infection of Ascaris lumbricoides is manifested

A

when a stomach enlarges.

Indication/s of malnutrition: Big belly, small face,
slouched shoulders.
○ Malnutrition is an outcome of parasitic infection.

50
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Malnutrition is an outcome of parasitic infection.

A

true

51
Q

Indication/s of malnutrition:

A

Big belly, small face,

slouched shoulders.

52
Q

Worms can come out from the nose, mouth, ears.

Only way to remove this is through surgery. this is called

A

Bolus

53
Q

the copulatory organ of the male

A

spicule

54
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Mature or immature adults may be found in feces or may
spontaneously migrate out of the anus, mouth, or nares

A

TRUE

55
Q

A. lumbricoides has three lips called

A

Trilobate / Trilobes / Trilips

2 ventral
1 dorsal with sensory papillae

Margin of teeth is lined with minute teeth

56
Q

female filled with eggs (in uterus)

A

gravid

57
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
Adult form
Will show whitish appearance

A

FALSE

Adult form
○ Will show pinkish appearance

58
Q

A. lumbricoides has what type of muscle layer allows Ascaris lumbricoides (adult forms) to move
around and to have a stabilized body

A

longitudinal muscle layer

59
Q

will help the structure of adult forms to

become cylinder-like (looks like a pencil)

A

Pseudocoele:

60
Q

FERTILIZED DECORTICATED

● Composed of two layers:

A

Glycogen layer

Lecithin / Vitelline layer (lipid)

61
Q

the layer that Gives protection/ resistance from stomach acid

A

Glycogen layer

62
Q

the layer that Makes feature of the egg golden-brown in color

Added protection to Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Lecithin layer / Vitelline layer (lipid)

63
Q

with coarse lecithin granules

A. Fertilized corticated
B. Fertilized decorticated

A

A. Fertilized corticated

64
Q

3 layers of fertilized corticated egg

A

Mammillary Coat / Albuominous coat

Middle glycogen

Lecithin / vitelline layer

65
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

A fertilized corticated Ascaris egg, still at the UNICELLULAR
stage, as they are passed in stool.

A

TRUE

66
Q

A. LUMBRICOIDES
Where it hatches:

Where development and maturation takes place:

A

small intestine

Lungs

67
Q

Geographic prevalence highest in what climates

A

warm and wet climates

68
Q

in order to be infected by A. lumbricoides you need to ingest

A

both the female and male ?????

69
Q

giant intestinal roundworm in
hogs/pigs - doesn’t mature in Man because we are
not their FH

A

Ascaris suum

70
Q

finals host of Ascaris suum

A

hogs/pigs not humans

71
Q

Caused by larva of non-human infecting Ascaris

It undergo heart-lung migration when the
embryonated egg hatches pero hindi siya
nagmamature sa katawan ng tao

A

Visceral larva migrans

72
Q

○ Pneumonia-like symptoms
○ This happens when hatched larva undergo heart-lung
migration
○ Possible sample specimen to identify is
Sputum/Phlegm to observe larva

A

Ascaris pneumonitis/Loeffler syndrome

73
Q

○ Migration of larva to heart and to lungs causes
irritation.
○ Presence of larva (a foreign matter) can trigger
inflammation which then causes

A

irritation to the intestinal mucosa

74
Q

Bolus

A

acumulation of adult forms in intestine

75
Q

Migration of adult forms to other organs especially to

hyperinfection or several infection to other organs

A

Erratism

76
Q

PATHOLOGIES OF ASCARIS LARVA

A

Visceral Larva migrans

Ascaris pneumonitis / Loeffler syndrome

Irritation of intestinal mucosa

Bolus

Erratism

Epigastric pain

Diarrhea

Malnutrition

Asymptomatic

Allergic reaction

77
Q

DETECTING A. lumbricoides

A

In the CBC of the patient, there is Increase in
eosinophil in the PBS of the patient.

You will also see Charcot-Leyden crystals in a patient’s
stool which is an indicator of this cell: active
metabolism. You can see this in helminthic infections.

78
Q

DIAGNOSIS of A. lumbricoides

A

DFS (wet smear or lugol’s iodine)

● FECT - n helminthic infections, 3
Samples within 10 days, and can be extended to 14
days.

Kato-Katz Technique (quantitave)

Kato (qualitative)

● X-ray
○ Very helpful to see Ascaris pneumonitis

● *Zinc Sulfate Floatation CT
● PCR (molecular technique)
○ Not economical

79
Q

Flesh colored or pinkish slender worm

A

TRICHURIS TRICHIURA

80
Q

Anterior 2/3 of the trichuris trichiura is

posterior 1/3 is

A

attenuated and thin

Fleshy and robust

81
Q

Life cycle of trichuris trichiura

A
  1. Ingestion of embryonated egg
  2. Travel to small intestine
    ○ Maturation will happen here
  3. Travel to large intestine
    ○ Adult worm na dito and copulation will happen
    ○ Oviposition (laying eggs) will also happen here
  4. Then eggs will be found in the stool
    ○ Diagnostic stage
    ○ It will allow the introduction of this egg to the soil
    where embryonation will happen
  5. Repeat cycle
82
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

there is heart-lung migration in trichuris trichiura

A

FALSE

No heart lung migration unlike Ascaris lumbricoides

83
Q

Thick smooth and brown egg

A

Trichuris trichiura egg

84
Q

Japanese lantern appearance with bipolar

plugs / Football / Barrel / Lemon

A

Trichuris trichiura egg

85
Q

Rounded and made of hyaline

A

Bipolar /

Hyaline plug

86
Q

Bile-stained (yellowish / golden brown)

A

Trichuris trichiura egg

87
Q

Pathology include Anemia

○ Sometimes can present hypoalbuminemia is caused by

A

Trichuris trichiura infection

88
Q

Pathology of Trichuris trichiura

A

Anemia (hypoalbuminemia)

Rectal prolapse

Secondary bacterial infection

89
Q

Pinworm / society worm / seat

worm / Tiwa (tagalog)

A

Enterobius vermicularis

90
Q

Habitat or E. vermicularis

A

Large intestine

91
Q

MOT of E. vermicularis

A 
Ingestion of
embryonated egg (can also be inhalation,
retroinfection, or autoinfection)
92
Q

Diagnostic stage of E. vermicularis

A

Ova/egg and adult worm

93
Q

Life span of E. vermicularis

A

1-2 months

94
Q

Embryonation og E. vermicularis

A

4-6 hours

95
Q

Familial MOT

A

E. vermicularis

96
Q

Smooth, thick and transparent egg

A

E. vermicularis egg

97
Q

D-shaped and lopsided (other

portion is flattened)

A

E. vermicularis egg

98
Q

Layers of the E. vermicularis egg

A

● Thick albuminous coat/layer

● Lipoidal or lipid layer

99
Q

During the collection for the cellophane swab, you

are collecting an

A

embryonated egg

100
Q

E. vermicularis
Oviposition: happens at

Collection: happens at

A

night

early morning

101
Q

Pathology of E. vermicularis include

A

Nocturnal pruritus ani

Secondary bacterial infections

Insomnia
caused by nocturnal pruritis ani. Hindi makatulog sa sobrang kati

Vulvovaginits

102
Q

Cephalic alae is only seen in

A

E. vermicularis male adult

Parasitology Laboratory (12 decks)

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