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Parasitology Laboratory > Diagnostic Parasitology > Flashcards

Diagnostic Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

Techniques in the diagnosis of parasitic infections

A

Diagnostic parasitology

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2
Q

Formula for 10% formalin

A

10/100 * 1000

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3
Q

Common Reagents

A

Carbol Fuchsin
Formalin (5% and 10%)
Lugol’s Solution
SAF

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4
Q

An acid-fast stain

A

Carbol Fuchsin

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5
Q

Reagent used for Cryptosporidium spp. and in general for Coccidian parasite (group)

A

Carbol Fuchsin

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6
Q

Reagent used for preservation of protozoan CYST

For all-purpose use

A

5% Formalin

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7
Q

Reagent used for helminth eggs, larvae and adult stage

A

10% formalin

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8
Q

Stain for parasite

the first stain to be developed

A

Lugol’s solution

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9
Q

Regaent used as substitute for Schaudinn’s solution

Does not have mercuric chloride

A

Sodium acetate-acetic acid formalin fixative

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10
Q

Also called routine fecal analysis

A

Direct fecal smear

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11
Q

simplest and easiest technique to facilitate detection of intestinal parasites

A

Direct Fecal smear / Routine fecal analysis

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12
Q

Detects the presence of intestinal protozoans (trophozoites or cyst) or helminth eggs can be observed directly with a light microscope

A

DFS / routine fecal smear

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13
Q

vegetative, motile, and labile stage of parastie

A

Trophozoite

Labile means easily killed

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14
Q

Trophozoites are processed within

A

30mins - 1hr

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15
Q

Trophozoites are usually found in what type of stool

A

Water stool

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16
Q

Nonmotile and resistant stage of parasite

A

Cyst

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17
Q

Stage of parasite that can survive in harsh environment

A

Cystr

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18
Q

Cyst is seen in what type of stool

A

Formed stool

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19
Q

In preparation of DFS

A

small amount of fresh feces is mixed with either

Saline (NSS) - to detect protozoan motility

Lugol’s/Iodine solution - to reveal the parasite structure
- however no live parasite can be seen here as it is toxic

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20
Q

Reagent that is toxic for parasite and only used to reveal structure/morphology

A

Lugol’s solution/iodine solution

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21
Q

Seen when using Saline preparation

A

Motile trophozoites and larvae
RBCs (must be reported)
Leukocytes
Charcot Leyden crystals (reported)

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22
Q

Seen when using Iodine preparation

A

Cysts of protozoa

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23
Q

DFS PREPARATION

A

Place 1 drop of NSS and 1 drop of Lugol’s/iodine on separate places

Take 2mg of fecal specimen (by poking the specimen with applicator stick)

Emulsify in the drop of saline

next using different stick 2mg of stool emulsify in drop of iodine (which will kill any organisms present)

Place a coverslip there should be no air bubbles

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24
Q

Reading DFS slide

A

Systematic reading should be enforced

read the whole cover slip

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25
Q

Disadvantage of DFS

A

has lower sensitivity

can’t detect parasites most of the time especially if the person has low parasitemia or parasitic infection

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26
Q

technique used for monitoring large-scale treatment programmes implemented for the control of soil-transmitted helminth infections

A

Kato Katz Technique

27
Q

o Commonly used in the community to determine if the treatment was successful

A

Kato katz

28
Q

Parasites acquired from the soil

A

soil-transmitted helminths

29
Q

what are the soil-transmitted helminths

A

Ascaris lumbricoides
Trichuris trichiura
Hookworm
Threadworm

30
Q

o Quantify eggs and establishes burden of intestinal infection (worm burden)

A

Kato katz

31
Q

A quantitative technique

A

KAto katz

can quantify the number of eggs

How many / the concentration of parasites in the body

32
Q

Manner of reporting in kato katz

A

Eggs per gram stool (epg)

33
Q

Technique that can Quantify eggs and establishes burden of intestinal infection

A

Kato katz

34
Q

Materials and reagents for kato katz

A 
Wooden applicator stick
Screen 
Template
Plastic spatula
Microscope slides
Hydrophilic cellophane
Flat bottom jar with lid
Newspaper, absorbent tissue
Glycerol-malachite green
35
Q

Kato katz template

A

Used to measure the stool
9mm on a 1mm thick template : 50mg

6mm on a 1.5mm thick template : 41.7mg

6.5 on a 0.5mm thick template : 20mg

36
Q

Glycerol-malachite green reagent

A

Glycerol = clearing agent
Malachite green = stain

Where hydrophilic cellophane is soaked

37
Q

Hydrophilic cellophane

A

soaked in glycerol-malachite green

used as the cover slip

38
Q

Screen

A

Used to sieve the stool

39
Q

KATO KATZ technique can be used for

A

Parasites with thick eggshell EXCEPT for hookworm

because hookworm eggs are cleared rapidly due to think eggshell which is why important to read slide immediately

40
Q

EXCEPT for hookworm how many hours should kato katz slides be stored

A

1 or more hours
To speed up the clearing and examination, slide can be plced in a 40 degrees incubator or kept in direct sunlight for several minutes

41
Q

A. Lumbricoides and T. trichiura in Kato katz technoque

A

since they have thick eggshells, slides can remain visible for many monts

42
Q

Hookworm eggs in Kato katz technique

A

since they have thin eggshells they can only remain visible for 30-60mins

43
Q

Schistosome eggs (Blood fluke) OR Cercaria (Infective stage) in Kato katz

A

recognizable for up to several months bUT is recommended to be examined within 24 hours

44
Q

Technique used for Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) and Taenia solium/Taenia saginata

A

Cellophane swab

45
Q

Extreme itchiness of the perianal area

A

enterobiasis

46
Q

Pork tapeworm

A

Taenia solium

47
Q

Beef tapeworm

A

Taenia Saginata

48
Q

Time of collection for cellophane swab (Enterobius vermicularis)

A

Early in the morning before the person washes or defecates

49
Q

Caused by tapeworm - Taenia solium / Taenia saginata

A

Taeniasis

50
Q

How many negative tests to rule out pinworm infection

A

5 times negative (Daily)

51
Q

Pinworm becomes infective for how many hours

A

4-6 hours

52
Q

Mode of transmission of Enterobius vermicularis

A

INHALATION

53
Q

The egg of enterobius vermicularis is usually

A

D-shaped

54
Q

REagent to apply after using cellophane swab

A

Toluol or I2 in xylol

55
Q

procedures allow for the detection of parasitic
elements (eggs, larvae, oocysts, and cysts) that may be missed when examining only a direct wet smear.

More sensitive than DFS HOWEVER there will be no live parasites because will be killed by formalin

A

Concentration technique

More stool = more sensitive

56
Q

(under concentration technique) parasite will sink; parasite found at the bottom

A

Sedimentation

57
Q

(under concentration technique) parasite will float; parasite at the top

A

Floatation

58
Q

Also called concentration technique

A

Formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation concentration

Formalin = preservative
Ethyl-acetate = dissolve fats
59
Q

recommended as being the easiest to perform
and the least subject to technical error, allowing recovery of
the broadest range of parasitic elements.

The specimen can
be fresh or fixed stool.

A

Formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation concentration

60
Q

This technique is not recommended for eggs of

Fasciola spp. and larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis

A

Formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation concentration

61
Q

This procedure leads to recovery of all protozoan cysts and
oocysts, helminth eggs and larvae present in the stool
specimen;

A

Formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation concentration

62
Q

separation of parasitic
elements from the coarsest organic debris, using a high
specific density flotation solution.

A

concentration by floatation

63
Q

most widely used flotation solution

A

zinc sulfate solution and sodium chloride

Parasitology Laboratory (12 decks)

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