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Parasitology Laboratory > Filaria, Capillaria, Trichinella > Flashcards

Filaria, Capillaria, Trichinella Flashcards

1
Q

Medically important filarial species in the Philippines

A

Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugia malayi

Usually in Mindanao and Bicol

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2
Q

Common names of

Wuchureria

Brugia

A

Wuchureria: Bancrofti’s Filarial worm

Brugia: Malayan Filarial Worm

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3
Q

Intermediate host of

Wuchureria bancrofti:

Brugia malayi:

A

Wuchureria bancrofti: Anopheles, Aedes, Culex

Brugia malayi:
Mansonia bonneae, M. uniformis

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4
Q

Habitat of adult:

Wuchureria bancrofti:

Brugia malayi:

A

Wuchureria bancrofti: Lower lymphatic

Brugia malayi: upper lymphatic

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5
Q

Infective stage of

Wuchureria bancrofti:

Brugia malayi:

A

IS to FH: L3

IS to IH: Microfilariae

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6
Q

MOT of

Wuchureria bancrofti:

Brugia malayi:

A

both skin penetration

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7
Q

Periodicity of

Wuchureria bancrofti:

Brugia malayi:

A

Wuchureria bancrofti: nocturnal (10pm - 2am)

Brugia malayi:
Periodic-nocturnal / Subperiodic

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8
Q

Cephalic space of (length : width)

Wuchureria bancrofti:

Brugia malayi:

A

Wuchureria bancrofti: 1:1

Brugia malayi: 2:1
longer than its width

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9
Q

Sheath affinity to Giemsa:

Wuchureria bancrofti:

Brugia malayi:

A

Wuchureria bancrofti: Unstained

Brugia malayi: Stained-pink

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10
Q

Body/somatic nuclei of

Wuchureria bancrofti:

Brugia malayi:

A

Wuchureria bancrofti: regularly shaped

Brugia malayi: overlapping / irregular

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11
Q

Terminal nuclei of

Wuchureria bancrofti:

Brugia malayi:

A

Wuchureria bancrofti: NO TERMINAL NUCLEI

Brugia malayi: two nuclei

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12
Q

Appearance of

Wuchureria bancrofti:

Brugia malayi:

A

Wuchureria bancrofti: Graceful curve

Brugia malayi: Kinky / stiff

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13
Q

Pathology of

Wuchureria bancrofti:

Brugia malayi:

A

Wuchureria bancrofti: Bancroftian Filariasis

Brugia malayi: Malayan Filariasis

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14
Q

Lymphatic Filarial worms can cause

A

Elephantiasis

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15
Q

Elephantiasis habitat

A

Scrotal area, legs

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16
Q

stage released in the bloodstream

seen in blood smears

A

Microfilariae

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17
Q

Staining of Wuchereria bancrofti in

H&E stain:

Giemsa stain:

A

H&E stain: slightly /lightly stained

Giemsa stain: darkly stained

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18
Q

WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI

● Periodicity

A

Nocturnal (10pm-2am)
8 pm – 4 am (Belizario)

▪Only seen at night unless DEC is administered (pinainom)
▪ tablet para lumabas anytime or during day time

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19
Q

Vectors of WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI

A

Mosquitoes – Anopheles flavirostris, Aedes poecilus, Culex

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20
Q

Vector of WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI that

▪ Causes dengue (same species)
▪ Breeds in water or axils of abaca and banana

A

Aedes poecilus

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21
Q

Vector of WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI that

▪ Principal vector for malaria, too

A

Anopheles flavirostris

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22
Q

Vector of WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI that

▪ Major vectors in urban areas
▪ Breeds in drains, sewage, beaches

A

Culex

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23
Q

Vectors of Brugia malayi

A

Mansonia bonnae

Mansonia uniformis

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24
Q

Vector of Brugia malayi that

Breeds in freshwater swamps

A

Mansonia bonnae

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25
Q

Vector of Brugia malayi that

Breeds in rice fields

A

Mansonia uniformis

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26
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Vectors of Brugia malayi are noght biters

A

TRUE

Both are night biters (5 pm – 11 pm)

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27
Q

Periodicity of Brugia malayi

A

Subperiodic

o Seen in the bloodstream any time of the day

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28
Q

Diagnosis

A

●Microscopy of Giemsa-Stained Blood Smears (Recommended)

● Knott’s Concentration Technique

● Filtration using Millipore

● DEC Provocative Test
o paiinumin iyan ng tablet 100 mg then 20-50 minutes pede mo na kunan ng blood

● Antigen Detection Test

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29
Q

Lymphatic filariasis is commonly known as

A

Elephentiasis

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30
Q

Manifestations of Elephantiasis

A 
Malaki legs
Convolutions
Enlargement of breast
Lymph edema
Hydrocele (fluid in scrotum)
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31
Q

Procedure of Knott’s concentration technique

A 
Collect blood
Mix with 2% formalin
Centrifuge
Decant the supernatant
Put sediment with parasite in slide
Air dry
Apply Giemsa stain (or wright stain)
Observe
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32
Q

What should be considered in observing parasites in Knott’s concentration technique

A

differentiate: nuclei, color ng sheath, anterior portion, cephalic space

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33
Q

Adult male worm ahs characterized with chitinized spicule and long spicule sheath.

A

C. philippinensis
o spicule for copulation
o counterpart ng spicule ay penis of the male
o unique with Capillaria is that spicule is sheathed
o take note sheath is gne body coffin

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34
Q

The habitat of C. philippinensis

A

Small intestine

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35
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Cooking meat to 170F or freezing

for 20 days at 50F will kill larvae

A

TRUE

o Raw food (like sushi) – has high chance to acquire
parasitic infection from eating contaminated meat.
o A way to kill parasite without cooking (like sushi) is
freezing them
o Freezing will kill parasites

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36
Q

Xenodiagnosis can be used to diagnose infection with.

A

Trichinella spiralis

o what is the other protozoan that can be use to
diagnosed Xenodiagnosis? trypanosoma cruzi

o Xenodiagnosis is procedure to use animals to
diagnose certain infection

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37
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Trichinella spiralis can infect human muscle.

A

TRUE
Trichinella spiralis is also known as muscle worm
because it can infect the muscles

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38
Q

Capillaria Philippinensis was discovered in

A

Pudoc, Ilocos Sur, Philippines

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39
Q

Before, Capillaria Philippinensis was called

A

Mystery worm, the agent of the mystery disease Because the egg of capillaria
philippinesis resembles the egg of trichuris trichura (due to the bipolar plugs)

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40
Q

Capillaria Philippinensis egg is mistaken as

A

Trichuris trchiura

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41
Q

who discovered Capillaria Philippinensis

A

Nelia Salazar (1963 –UP manila)

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42
Q

Common name of Capillaria philippinensis

A

Pudoc worm

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43
Q

Final host of Capillaria philippinensis

A

birds and humans

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44
Q

Incidental / accidental hosts of Capillaria

A

Humans but we still harbor the sexual stage / adult stage

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45
Q

Intermediate hosts of Capillaria philippinensis

A

brackish and freshwater fish (small fishes)

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46
Q

People in northern region acquired this parasite because

A

they are fond of kinilaw (uncooked fish soaked in vinegar)

47
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Vinegar can kill bacterias and parasites

A

FALSE

Vinegar can kill bacteria but not parasite

48
Q

habitat of Capillaria philippinensis

A

small intestine of birds and humans

49
Q

diagnostic stage of Capillaria philippinensis

A

ova (egg) in the stool

in severe cases egg, larvae and adult stages are also seen

50
Q

Infective stage of Capillaria philippinensis

A

Larva in intermediate host (no specific name)

51
Q

Source of infection of Capillaria philippinensis

A

Food borne

52
Q

Mode of Transmission of Capillaria philippinensis

A

ingestion

53
Q

portal of entry of Capillaria philippinensis

A

mouth

54
Q

What are the intermediate hosts of Capillaria philippinensis

A 
● guppy – Poecilia reticulata
● Bukto – Chonophotus melanocephalus 
● Bagsang – ambassis miops
● Ipon – sicyopterus sp,
●Birut?
55
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

a dried fish can no longer harbor larva stage and is therefore not infectious

A

TRUE

56
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The larvae is still viable even though the fish has been
caught for several days.

A

TRUE

57
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Morphology of adult male has a curved tail

A

FALSE

you will not see a curved posterior tail.

58
Q

Morphology of adult male includes

A

Chitinous Spicule
Spicule sheath (unique in C. philippinensis)
Presence of Stichocytes

59
Q

– accessory reproductive structure
in male nematodes; useful in identification of species.
▪ usually found in the posterior portion

HAS A LONG SPICULE

A

Copulatory spicule

Chitinous spicule

60
Q

Esophageal gland that contains stichocytes

A

stichosome

61
Q

What differentiates Capillaria from other nematodes is the

presence of

A

stichosome

62
Q

Morphology of adult female includes

A

Eggs

Stichosome

63
Q

The spicule of an adult male is made up of

A

chitin which is why it is also termed as Chitinous spicule

64
Q

2 types of capillaria female

A

typical female (oviparous)

atypical female (oviviparous / larviparous)

65
Q

typical female (oviparous) has eggs of around

A

8-10 or more in a single row

66
Q

atypical female (oviviparous) has eggs that are

A

segmented eggs / embryonated eggs

40-45 eggs

67
Q

Which of the two is capable of autoinfection wherein you are the source of your own infection?

A

Atypical demale

the larva that is laid continues the cycle making the larva mature again

68
Q

Capillaria philippinensis egg

A

thick, striated egg shell
flattened bipolar plugs
Peanut / guitar-shaped

69
Q

Diagnostic tests of Capillaria philippinensis

A

●DFS
●Concentration technique (FECT)
● examination of duodenal aspirate
● Kato-Katz
● ELISA test
o we detect the Capillaria coproantigen. However,
this coproantigen cross-reacts with Trichinella spiralis which means they (the antigens) are almost the same

70
Q

Coproantigens of Capillaria philippinensis cross-reacts with that of the

A

Trichinella spiralis

71
Q

Pathology of Capillaria Philippinensis

A

Pudoc disease, Mystery disease

●microulceration, depression of intestinal villi
● Borborygmi / Borborygmous
● Abdominal pain
● Diarrhea (main pathology)
● Weight loss
● Malabsorption
● Low plasma electrolyte concentration
72
Q

Treatment

A

Albendazole and Mebendazole

73
Q

Common name of the Trichinella spiralis

A

Trichina worm / muscle worm

74
Q

Final host of the Trichinella spiralis

A

Swine and other vertebrates (secondary hosts)

others are bears, boars, oso

common among carnivores

75
Q

Habitat of Trichinella spiralis

A

adult - small intestine

larvae - striated muscle

76
Q

Diagnostic stage of Trichinella spiralis

A

Encysted larvae (muscle tissue)

77
Q

sample used in diagnosis of Trichinella spiralis

A

muscle tissue - muscle biopsy

78
Q

Infective stage of Trichinella spiralis

A

Encysted larvae (muscle tissue)

79
Q

Sources of infection in Trichinella spiralis

A

Food-borne / zoonotic

80
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Trichinella spiralis cannot be transferred via human-to-human transmission (would only be possible through cannibalism)

A

TRUE

81
Q

Accidental hosts of the Trichinella spiralis

A

Humans

82
Q

T. spiralis is also called the ____ of infection

A

end alley

83
Q

Who are the dead-end host / accidental host

A

humans

the larva in our muscle cannot be acquired by another mammal

84
Q

can be observed assisting the larva

A

nurse cells

85
Q

Life cycle of the trichinella spiralis

A
  1. ingestion of undercooked meat
  2. Encysted larva will be released into the small intestine where maturation will happen
  3. Male and female will undergo reproduction (female will become gravid and it will migrate to the submucosal limning of the small intestine and lay larva)
  4. Laid larva will proceed to the bloodstream and once it reaches a crtain tissue, it will undergo encystation and will become encysted larva
86
Q

Laboratory diagnosis of the Trichinella spiralis

A

●Muscle tissue biopsy (Deltoid & gastrocnemius)

●Ultrasound / Radiographic procedure

●Chemical assays (check isoenzyme CK-MM found in skeletal muscle)
High CK-MM=destruction muscle but this is not specific

● Species identification (PCR, Western blot assay)
● Beck’s Xenodiagnosis (no longer performed)

● Serological tests (detects antibodies against T. spiralis antigen)
Bentonite Flocculation Test
▪ in-vitro (outside the body) test
▪ collect serum then add reagent
▪ positive result: presence of clumping / flocculation

●Bachman intradermal test

87
Q

Female trichinella spiralis are

a. oviparous
b. larviparous

A

b. larviparous

88
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

There is no egg stage in this life cycle

A

TRUE

89
Q

Why do we make use of radiographic procedure or X-rays in detection of trichinella spiralis?

A

because hyperinfection of T.spiralis larva can be calcified in the striated muscle

90
Q

Skin test for trichinosis

Indirect method

A

bachman intradermal test (in vivo test)

1:5000 or 1:10000 dilution of larval antigen

trichinella larva is suspended in saline, saline is injected intradermally. observe of hypersensitive reaction whcich is triggered if we are re-exposed

Wheal (redness) and flare (swelling) = type 1 hypersensitivity reaction (immediate reaction)

91
Q

Phases of clinical conditions (pathology) of trichinella spiralis

A

o Enteric phase
o Invasion phase
o Convalescent phase

92
Q

What phase of clinical conditions includes

corresponds to the incubation and intestinal invasion

➢ In human digestion, the meat you eat will release
the Trichinella spiralis larva into the intestine and will mature rapidly to become an adult.
➢ Adult female (larviparous) will migrate to your
intestinal mucosa which will lay the larva into
submucosa.

A

Enteric phase

93
Q

What phase of clinical conditions includes

corresponds to larval migration and muscle invasion

➢ The intent larva will enter the bloodstream. It will encyst in the striated muscle.
➢ We can see this through the microscopic
examination of tissue biopsy.
■ Muscle fiber will contain our coiled larva
■ Nurse cell will provide nutrition to your
encysted larva in the striated muscle
➢ Over time, it will form granuloma due to reaction of immune cell and it will be calcified around this cell

A

Invasion phase

94
Q

Role of the nurse cell

A

assists the encysted larva by providing nutrition

95
Q

What phase of clinical conditions includes

corresponds to encystment and encapsulation

➢ Humans are not traditional hosts as compared to
swine or bears. Life cycle does not occur and
cycle ceases with encystation of the larva.
➢ This type of parasite is just waiting to be eaten
by another mammal to continue its cycle.
➢ It usually happens in swine and wild bears that
can continue the cycle.

A

Convalescent phase

96
Q

Pathologies of Trichinella spiralis

A 
●Meningitis and Meningoencephalitis
●can also cause intestinal disorder
●Encysting and encapsulating eosinophilia ●Periorbital swelling
●Muscle tenderness, pain - common
●Edema generalized weakness
●Diarrhea (may be rare)
97
Q

What are the muscle enzymes

A

Lactate dehydrogenase (LD)

Aldolase

Creatine phosphokinase (CK)

98
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Filarial worms are tissue nematodes

A

TRUE

99
Q

Anthropod-transmitted parasite of the circulatory and lymphtic system

A

Filarial worms

100
Q

How many larval molts in the life cycle of the filarial infection

A

5 larval molts

3 in insect vector
2 in human host

101
Q

adult filarial worms reside in

A

lympathic system

102
Q

life cycle of filarial worms

A
  1. Infective L3 is deposited in blood and would reach the lymphtic system
  2. a 6 or 12 months perior is required for sexual maturity. The parasite undegoes 2 molts and the adult worm develops (L5). Adult worms reside in lymphatics or lymph nodes
  3. Adult female worm gives birth to L1 larvae called microfilariae
103
Q

How many microfilariae can a filarial worm lay

A

50,000 per day

104
Q

sample for diagnosis for filarial infection

A

blood or lymphatic fluid

105
Q

Drug of choice for filarial infection

If the patient is presenting tropical pulmonary eosinophilia and it could be caused by a filarial worm

A

Diethylcabamazine

106
Q

Caused by Larva which is found at lymphatic and

circulatory system

A

Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia

107
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Lymphatic filariasis is the second leading cause or permanent and long term disability, affecting both physical and psychological aspect of the patient

A

TRUE

108
Q

What are the two most common causes of the lymphatic filariasis (etiologic agent)

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

Brugia malayi

109
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The adult females of B. malayi and W. bancrofti are distinguishable

A

FALSE

The adult females of B. malayi and W. bancrofti are indistinguishable

110
Q

Hydrocele / chylocele is a common chronic manifestation of

A

Bancroftian filariasis

111
Q

Trichinella spiralis female is viviparous and lives for ___ and can lay ___ larvae in its lifetime

A

30 days

1,500 larvae

112
Q

superfamily of Capillaria philippinensis is

A

Trichinelloidea

to which trichuris and trichinella belong

113
Q

superfamily of Trichinella spiralis is

A

Trichinelloidea

Parasitology Laboratory (12 decks)

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