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BIOL 2604 > Tree Of Life > Flashcards

Tree Of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Yeast Cell (Eukarya)

A

-size 8um in diameter
-some Ekarya cells are 500 um in diameter
-virus cell of Escherichia Coli (Bacteria) ~1x3 um
-1000nm = 1um in diameter

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2
Q

Bacteria

A

-Bacteria can range in size very dramatically
-most are close to 1um, but surgeonfish gut symbiont Epulopiscium (clostridia -> spores) is 600 um x 5um

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3
Q

Subcellular Organizations

A

ALL cells have
1. Cytoplasmic membrane
2. Cytoplasm containing ribosomes and metabolic enzymes
3. DNA
-some cells have walls: Bacteria, Fungi, Plants
-Animal cells have a cytoskeleton

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4
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

-no organelles
-no membrane-bound nucleus

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5
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

-internal membrane-bound organelles
-DNA within the membrane-bound nucleus

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6
Q

Arrangement of DNA in a Prokaryotic Cell

A
  1. DNA condensed with a “nucleoid” region
  2. Generally a singular circular chromosome
  3. Haploid
  4. No sexual reproduction
  5. Some small circular extra-chromosomal DNA “plasmid”
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7
Q

Arrangement of DNA in a Eukaryotic Cell

A
  1. DNA within the nucleus
  2. Multiple linear chromosomes
  3. Diploid
  4. Divide by mitosis
  5. Produce haploid gametes be meiosis
  6. Sexual reproduction
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8
Q

Viruses

A

-No cytoplasm, ribosome, or metabolic activity
-Not alive
Only have: 1. Nucleic acid genome (DNA or RNA)
2. Protein capsid
3. Sometimes a membrane
-must infect a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell in order to reproduce

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9
Q

Classifying Life Forms

A

-the classical methods of classifying life forms were based on organism structure and to some degree cell structure

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10
Q

Early Attempts at Classisfication

A

Linnaeus (1753) 2 kingdoms
-Animalia (higher animals and protozoa)
-Plantae (higher plants, algae and fungi)
-no prokaryotes!

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11
Q

Haeckel (1865) 3 Kingdoms

A

-Animalia (higher animals)
-Plantae (higher plants and multicellular algae)
-Protista (all microorganisms including bacteria, protozoa, algae, molds, and yeast)
-Haeckal was a believer in Darwin’s theories of evolution and tired to present his classifications in a evolutionary tree!

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12
Q

What word did Haeckal invent and what does it mean?

A

Phylogeny = the evolutionary history of organisms

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13
Q

Whittaker (1969)

A

-Five kingdom classification of living organisms
-Monera then Protista then Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia branch off of Protista

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14
Q

Molecular-based approach to Phylogeny

A

-Carl Woese (1970s)
-16s rRNA in prokaryotes (18s rRNA in eukaryotes)
-ancient molecule that ALL cells have (part of the ribosome, essential for translation)
-changed very slowly over evolutionary time
-sequenced easily

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15
Q

Steps of Molecular-based approach to phylogeny

A
  1. Isolate DNA from each organism
  2. Make copies of rRNA gene by PCR
  3. Sequence DNA
  4. Analyze sequence
  5. Generate phylogenic tree
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16
Q

Current Phylogenic Tree of Life

A

-Three Domains!
-Bacteria
-Archaea (branch off of Eukarya)
-Eukarya (macroorganisms: Animals, Funi, and Plants)
-All connected by LUCA

17
Q

LUCA

A

-Last Univeral Common Ancestor
-which diverged to two lines, one to Bacteria and one to Archea and Eukarya

18
Q

Endosymniosis

A

Engulfing bacteria to make an interior organelle

19
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Require organic compounds as their carbon (sugars, proteins, lipids)

20
Q

Autotrophs

A

Utilize CO2 as their carbon source (photosynthesis, chemosynthesis)

21
Q

Are energy sources and carbon sources tied together?

A

No

22
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A

Humans, many bacteria, fungi

23
Q

Chemlithautotrophs

A

Bacteria that live in sediments, aquatic, deep sea vents

24
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

Plants, algae, many photosynthetic bacteria

25
Q

Photohetetrophs

A

Some photosynthetic bacteria that can use light for energy and can consume fixed carbon sources

26
Q

Archaea

A

-Halophiles (require high salt)
-Methanogens (anaerobes, produce methane)
-Hyperthermophile (require high temp, circled)
-Extremophiles (Temp, Salt, pH) (Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota)

27
Q

Eukarya

A

-Diplomonads
-Trichomonads
-Flagellates
-slime molds
-Brown algae
-Diatoms
-ciliates
-Fungi
-Red algae
-plants (green algae)
-Animals
-Diplomonads and Trichomonads don’t have mitochondria

BIOL 2604 (17 decks)

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