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BIOL 2604 > Human Microbes Interaction > Flashcards

Human Microbes Interaction Flashcards

1
Q

Colonization

A

-The PROCESS of growth of a microorganism after it has entered the host tissue

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2
Q

Host

A

-an organism that harbors a parasite

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3
Q

Parasite

A

-An organism that grows in or on a host AND causes damage (a negative outcome, some worse than others)

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4
Q

Infection

A

-the OUTCOME of growth of organisms in a host (not necessarily detrimental) colonization is the PROCESS, and Infection is the OUTCOME

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5
Q

Disease

A

-An injury or impaired function to the host

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6
Q

Pathogen

A

-A microbial parasite that causes disease

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7
Q

Obligate pathogen

A

-Always causes a disease and generally do not survive long outside the host

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8
Q

opportunistic pathogen

A

-Do not normally cause disease and do not cause disease in a host with normal resistance properties, but can in an impaired host

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9
Q

Pathogenicity

A

-The ability of an organism to cause disease (Some E. Coli strains never cause disease, some do)

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10
Q

Virulence

A

-The DEGREE of pathogenicity of an organism (Some E. Coli strains cause only mild disease, some cause life-threatening disease)

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11
Q

How is the normal human microflora beneficial?

A

-Competes with pathogens for space and nutrients (pathogen exclusion)
-produces products that inhibit pathogens (kills them)
-Synthesize vitamins for host
-Stimulate development of Immune system (germ free mice -> poorly developed immune systems)

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12
Q

What sites on the human body are colonized by normal microflora?

A

-Skin
-Oral Cavity
-Lower Respiratory Tract
-Urethra

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13
Q

What type of organisms are found on the skin?

A

-Gram + Cocci (staphylococcus) on skin, and Propionibacterium in follicles
-resistant to salts and oils

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14
Q

What type of organisms are found in the oral cavity?

A

-Gram positive cocci in mouth and throat
-Staph and Strep
-Streptococcus mutans (caries), anaerobes in gingival and plaque

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15
Q

What type of organisms are found in the lower respiratory tract?

A

-Bronchi and lungs are relatively sterile

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16
Q

What type of organisms are found in the urethra?

A

-Gram-facultative organisms such as E. Coli
-Upper urethra and bladder are relatively sterile.
-Vagina is staph and strep, except during fertile years, pH is lower and then lactobacilli predominate

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17
Q

What are some of the more important Genera of bacteria in the human gastrointestinal tract and why are they important?

A

-Helicobacter = ulcers
-Bacteroides = most abundant
-Escherichia = fecal contamination indicator
-Methanobrevibactor is rare archaea associated with humans
-clostridium difficile

18
Q

What does C. difficile become a problem?

A

-Following antibiotics treatment that disrupts the normal flora and allows C. diff to become a predominant organism
-Some strains have a high antibiotic resistance and high levels of toxin production

19
Q

Why do patients often get recurrences of C. difficile infections?

A

-Spores are resistant to antibiotics
-Spores are hard to remove from hospitals
-It takes time to regenerate flora that can exclude the C. diff from re-growing to dominant population.

20
Q

Regions of the body in direct contact with exterior

A

-Nose
-mouth
-respiratory tract
-alimentary canal
-female genital tract
-urinary tract (male and female)

21
Q

Where is normal flora found?

A

-almost all skin surfaces and mucus membrane surface are colonized by microflora

22
Q

How many human and bacterial cells are in the body?

A

-Approximately 10^13 human cells in your body
-Approximately 10^14 bacteria cells in/on your body
-human: bacteria = 1:100

23
Q

Microflora of the skin

A

-The first line of defense: dry, acidic, and salty
-Flors is dependent upon weather, age and, hygiene
-Anaerobes (Propionibacterium acnes) grow in hair follicles and sebaceous fluids
-Skin flora is dominated by gram-positive cocci

24
Q

Layers of the skin with a hair follicle

A

-dead layer or epidermis = dead and sloughs off
-dermis with duct and sebaceous gland (makes oil)
-Subcutaneous = has apocrine sweat gland, live cell, if get here it will cause infection

25
Q

Residents of the upper respiratory tract/oral cavaity

A

-Transient organisms trapped during breathing and expelled with nasal secretions
-Dental caries and acid (fermentation products) = sugar -> lactic acid
-Streptococcus mutans utilizes sucrose to produce a polysaccharide for adherence to tooth surface

26
Q

In the upper respiratory tract/oral cavity do anaerobes outnumber aerobes?

A

-Yes, anaerobes outnumber aerobes due to gingival and plaque organisms
-Fusobacterium and Actinomyces
-Plaque = biofilm

27
Q

Lower Respiratory Tract

A

-Trachea, bronchi, and lungs have few bacteria
-Airborne/inhaled organisms trapped in upper regions removed by ciliated colurma epithelium cells (line larynx)
-Other clearance mechanisms include cough reflex (physical) and alveolar macrophages (kill)

28
Q

Physiological processes of the Gastrointestinal (GI) tract: Stomach

A

-stomach secretion of acid (HCL) digestion of macronutrients, pH 2 (kills most bacteria)

29
Q

Physiological processes of the Gastrointestinal (GI) tract: Small Intestine

A

-continued digestion absorption of monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids, and water
-pH 4-5
-most nutrient uptake in duodenum and jejunum

30
Q

Physiological processes of the Gastrointestinal (GI) tract: Large intestine

A

-absorption of bile acids, vitamin b12
-pH 7
-absorb water
-colon: packed full of bacteria

31
Q

Resident Microflora of the Gastrointestinal (GI) tract

A

-O2
-changes in oxygen availability and pH

32
Q

What is the number one cause of bacterial death in children?

A

-diarrhea

33
Q

Disruption of the Gastrointestinal Microflora

A

-The use of antibiotics can disrupt the normal flora, allowing less desirable, and potentially pathogenic, species to become dominant
-A major problem in hospital is now Clostridium difficile- associated disease (CDAD)

34
Q

What is C. difficile?

A

-is a normal gut inhabitant for most people
-post-surgical and chemotherapy patients heavily treated with antibiotics often develop CDAD
-hospital C. difficile strains tend to produce more toxins and to be more antibiotic resistant

35
Q

What are treatments for C. difficile?

A

-Probiotics
-Better treatment is fecal transplant therapy
=90%-95% effective

36
Q

Biochemical/metabolic contribution of intestinal microorganisms

A

-vitamin synthesis = vitamin K and B12 (most vitamin K is from bacteria)
-Amino acid synthesis = glutamate, lysine, tryptophan
-odor production=butyric acid
-Organic acid production = acetic, butyric acid (interact with immune system)
-Glycosidase reactions = B- and alpha-

37
Q

Biochemical/metabolic contribution of intestinal microorganisms: gas production

A

-CO2
-H2
-CH4 (methane)

38
Q

Biochemical/metabolic contribution of intestinal microorganisms: Steroid metabolism

A

-bile acids
- dehydroxylates, oxidized or reduced steroids (carcinogenic)

39
Q

Why do beans cause gas?

A

-they have sugars we can not break down
-dumped into large intestine, fermented into gas

40
Q

Genitourinary flora

A

-the flushing action of urine keeps bladder clean
-Anterior urethra and vagina can become colonized with gram-negative, facultative organisms (proteus mirabilis = UTI)

41
Q

What does estrogen do in the Genitourinary flora

A

-estrogen production alters the pH and flora of vagina
-pre-puberty and post menopause has staphylococcus, streptococcus, and enterobacteria

42
Q

Why are females more likely to get an UTI?

A

-Their urethra is closer to the anus
-this allows for bacteria from the colon to infect the urethra
-the bacteria that causes UTIs does not cause disease in the digestive system

BIOL 2604 (17 decks)

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