Exam 4 Study Guide Immunology Flashcards
How are the circulatory and lymphatic systems related?
-Circulatory delivered blood, gases, and liquid to extremities and returns for waste disposal.
-Lymphatic systems returns liquid from extremities and provides an additional system for immune cells to travel through.
What types of cells are involved in the immune response?
-Leukocytes
-Phagocytes
-Lymphocytes
Leukocytes
-all white blood cells
Phagocytes
-Macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils (PMNs)
Lymphocytes
-T cells, B cells, which differentiate to plasma cells
How do phagocytic cells recognize foreign bodies (pathogens) in the host?
-PRRs (pattern Recognition Receptor) recognize PAMPS (Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern)
How do phagocytic cells destroy pathogens?
-Uptake into phagolysosome, lysozyme, oxygen and nitrogen radicals = “respiratory burst”
What are the three characteristics of your body’s specific immune response?
-Specificity
-Memory
-Tolerance
What are the type of receptor molecules that are used to bind antigens and what types of cells are they?
-T-cell receptor
-B-cell receptor = membrane-bound antibodies
-MHC 1 presents potential antigens on every nucleated cell in the body
-MHC 2 presents potential antigens on phagocytes and B Cells
How does a T-cytotoxic cell receive information and destroy antigen-presenting cells?
-Antigen bound in MHC1.
-Release of granules to attack infected cell via apoptosis.
What are the two types of T-helper cells?
-TH1
-TH2
How does T-helper cell TH1 function to activate macrophage and B-cell?
-TH1 cells recognize phagocytes presenting antigen in MHCII.
-Then release cytokines to stimulate
=Migration of more immune cells to the area and
=Greater activity of immune cells i.e. greater phagocytosis
How does T-helper cell TH2 function to activate macrophage and B-cell?
-TH2 cells recognize B cells presenting antigen in MHCII. Release cytokines to stimulate B cells to
=Divide
=Differentiate to plasma cells for large scale antibody production
=Differentiate to memory cells for future rapid response to same pathogen
What is the basic structure of antibody/immunoglobulin?
-Two heavy chain protein and two light chain proteins, all held together by disulfide bonds.
-Each protein has constant region that determine standard interactions with immune cells and variable regions that determine interaction with diverse antigens
What is primary immune response?
-Primary takes a week to really ramp up and is limited to the time requires to eliminate the antigen from the body.
-Primarily involves IgM,
-Does require TH2 cell interaction with B cell.
What is Secondary immune response?
-Secondary is very rapid and very strong
-Primarily IgG
-Does not require TH2 cell interaction with memory cell
How does complement work?
-Antibodies bind to antigen on surface of bacterial cell
-Complement proteins bind in sequential order to antibody/antigen complex.
-complement proteins form pore in the bacterial membrane, leading to cell death and/or lysis
-The presence of complement on the surface of the bacteria is also called opsonization, and it attracts active phagocytosis innate immune cells
What types of antigens are used to vaccinate humans?
-Killed, whole bacteria and viruses
-Attenuated live bacteria and viruses
-Toxoids
-Recombinant purifies proteins
Killed, whole bacteria and viruses
-pertussis
-polio
-influenza
Attenuated live bacteria and viruses
-polio
-MMR
-Tuberculosis
Toxoids
-chemically-inactivated toxin proteins
-Anthrax
-Diphtheria
-Tetanus
Recombinant purifies proteins
-Hepatitis
-HPV
