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BIOL 2604 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of immunity?

A

-innate
-adaptive

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2
Q

Innate immunity

A

-general response to broad range of pathogens
-No memory after exposure
-rapid response after several hours
-everyone has it, eat bacteria, kill them, and tell adaptive immunity

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3
Q

What are the primary effector cells for innate immunity?

A

-Phagocytes, engulf, kill and digest pathogen

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4
Q

What are the types of cells for innate immunity?

A

-dendritic cell
-neutrophil
-macrophage

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5
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

-focused attack on specific pathogen
-Antibodies (from plasma cells) and cytotoxic T cells help clear specific pathogen
-response requires several days
-lots of control mechanisms

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6
Q

What are the primary effector cells for adaptive immunity?

A

-Lymphocytes

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7
Q

What are the types of cells for adaptive immunity?

A

-B and T lymphocytes

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8
Q

Is adaptive pre or post exposure and what cells are used for memory?

A

-after exposure
-Postexposure immunity by B and T memory cells in common

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9
Q

What are the types of barriers to infection?

A

-pharynx
-skin
-stomach acidity
-urinary tract
-lysozyme
-normal microbiota
-epithelial cells

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10
Q

What immune system are barriers apart of?

A

-innate immune system

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11
Q

What are other ways the body prevents infection?

A

-Mucus and cilia line the trachea moving microorganisms out of body
-mucus, antibacterial peptides, and phagocytes in lungs prevent infection
-blood and lymph proteins inhibit microbial growth
-rapid pH change inhibits microbial growth

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12
Q

How do the pharynx and skin prevent infection?

A

-Removing particles in nasopharynx
-Skin is a physical barrier that produces antimicrobial and anti-bacterial

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13
Q

How do the stomach and urinary tract prevent infection?

A
  • The stomach has an acidity of 2 that inhibits microbial growth, HCL production
    -The urinary tract flushes out
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14
Q

How do the lysozymes and normal microbiota prevent infection?

A

-Lysozyme in secretions dissolve bacteria wall (gram positive)
-Normal microbiota compete with pathogens in gut and on skin

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15
Q

How do the epithelial cells prevent infection?

A

-inhibit pathogen invasion and infection

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16
Q

Are organs like the lungs and stomach effect by outside organisms?

A

-Yes, because they are outside

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17
Q

What are the 2 circulatory systems of the immune system?

A

-circulatory (blood)
-Lymphatic (lymph) systems

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18
Q

endothelial cells

A

-line the inner surface of the blood vessels

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19
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

-fluid balance, immune defense, and fat absorption
-allows fluid out of blood, into tissue, and back into blood.

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20
Q

Leukocytes

A

-white blood cells
-fight infection
-inflammation
-B cells produce antibodies
-tissue repair
-phagocytosis

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21
Q

Erythrocytes

A

-red blood cells
-transport oxygen from lungs to tissue
-remove carbon dioxide from tissue to be exhaled by lungs
-acid-base balance
-blood thickness
-gas exchange

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22
Q

What are parts of the lymph system that?

A

-thoracic duct
-lymph node
-spleen
-bone marrow
-MALT = mucosal associated tissue

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23
Q

How does a lymph node work?

A

-antigens go into B cell
-goes through t-cell
-goes through plasmid
-antibody come out

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24
Q

Detail definition of Innate immune system

A

-The body’s built-in ability to recognize and destroy pathogens
-Is relatively non-specific for pathogen type, but does recognize some specific pathogen-associated molecules
-Does not require prior exposure to a pathogen, and does not provide memory for better response to repeated exposure to a pathogen.

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25
Q

Detailed definition of Adaptive immune system

A

-The bodies acquired ability to recognize and destroy pathogens
-Is very specific in recognizing defined molecular markers on individual pathogens
-does require prior exposure to a pathogen and does provide memory for better response to repeated exposure to a pathogen

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26
Q

What cells primarily carry out adaptive immunity?

A

-T and B cells that produce antibodies to mark pathogens for destruction

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27
Q

Lymphocytes =

A

T and B cells

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28
Q

What cells are part of the innate immunity?

A

-phagocytosis
-inflammatory response
-cell-mediated inflammatory

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29
Q

What cells are apart of phagocytosis?

A

-Antigen presentation
-neutrophil

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30
Q

What cell is apart of the inflammatory response?

A

-mast cell

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31
Q

What cells are apart of the cell-mediated immunity?

A

-natural killer cell
-T-cell

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32
Q

What cells are apart of antigen presenting cells?

A

-Dendrite
-Macrophage

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33
Q

What cells are from monocyte (circulate in blood)?

A

-Dendrite
-Macrophage

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34
Q

What cells are from Granulocytes (mean and nasty)?

A

-neutrophil
-mast cell

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35
Q

What cells are from lymphoid precursor?

A

-natural killer cell
-T-cell

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36
Q

What type of cells are apart of the adaptive immune system?

A

-cell-mediated immunity
-antibody mediated immunity

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37
Q

What cells apart of antibody mediated immunity?

A

-plasma cell

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38
Q

What cell is from B-cell?

A

-plasma cell

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39
Q

What are the two main phagocyte cells?

A

-Neutrophils
-Monocytes

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40
Q

Neutrophils

A

-polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)
-negative charge, profession

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41
Q

Monocytes

A

-give rise to macrophages and dendrite cells

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42
Q

What are the jobs of neutrophils and monocytes?

A
  1. Engulf, digest, and destroy bacteria
  2. Process and present antigens to T cell
    -only macrophage
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43
Q

Why are bacteria hard to grab?

A

-because the cell trying to catch bacteria has a negative change and bacteria has a negative charge so they split from each other

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44
Q

Where do phagocytized bacterial end up ?

A

-inside a phagolysosome (inside vesicle)

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45
Q

What are bacteria killed by?

A

-Lysozyme
-Oxygen and Nitrogen:
hydrogen peroxide
Nitric acid
Hydroxyl radicals

46
Q

Why is the phagocyte protected?

A

-because bacteria destruction takes place within the phagolysosome membrane

47
Q

What happens to the phagolysosome containing engulfed bacteria?

A

-Myeloperoxidase
-HOCL- (blech)

48
Q

How to recognize a pathogen?

A

-PRR
-PAMP
-Pathogens are marked by antibody binding (requires a prior exposure and adaptive immune response)

49
Q

What is PRR and what is an example of it?

A

= pattern recognition receptor (protein) on surface of phagocyte binds to a “PAMP”
-‘Toll-like receptors” are PRRs

50
Q

What does autoimmune mean?

A

-When the body attacks its own cells

51
Q

PAMP

A

-Pathogen-associated molecular pattern
-molecules commonly found on the surface of a wide variety of pathogens.
-Example: Lipopolysaccharide on Gram-negative bacteria. Peptidoglycan found on surface of Gram-positive bacteria

52
Q

What are pathogen signals?

A

-LPS
-PG
-Flagellin
-Teichoic acid

53
Q

What is the most common cause of bacteria death?

A

-shock

54
Q

Process of recognizing a pathogen

A

-Pathogens with PAMPs
-Binds to phagocyte by activated PRR
-Kills the pathogen

55
Q

Adaptive Immune Response Characteristics (AIRC)

A

-memory
-tolerance
-specificity

56
Q

Memory (AIRC)

A

-The first antigen exposure induces multiplication of antigen-reactive cells, resulting in multiple copies, or clones.
-After a subsequent exposure to the same antigen, the immune response is faster and stronger due to the large number of responding cells

57
Q

Specificity (AIRC)

A

-Immune cells have surface receptors that interact with individual antigens

58
Q

Tolerance (AIRC)

A

-Immune cells are not able to react with self-antigen.
-Self-antigen cells are destroyed during development of the immune response

59
Q

Specific recognition of foreign antigens (AIR)

A

-Antigens are most commonly proteins or peptides (better), but can be polysaccharides.

60
Q

What do bacteria coat themselves with?

A

-a capsule
-capsule is made of sugar
-does not make good antigen

61
Q

What specifics are antigens recognized by? (AIR)

A

-T-cell receptor proteins (TCR)
-B-cell receptor proteins (BCR)
-Antibodies
-Major Histocompatibility Complex Proteins (MHC)

62
Q

What are the antigen-binding proteins? (AIR)

A

-Antibodies
-T-cell receptor (TCR)
-Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins
=Class I
=Class II
-some proteins bind to many peptides

63
Q

Generation of diversity in … ? (AIR)

A

-T-cell receptors
-B-cell receptors
-Antibodies
-MHC proteins
-creates VDJ Recombination

64
Q

What is VDJ Recombination? (AIR)

A

-genetic recombination that occurs during cell B and T development
-rearrangement of gene segments of immunoglobulin (Ig) and TCR
-V (variable), D (diversity), J (joining)
-enormous variety

65
Q

How does the adaptive immune system first ‘see’ an antigen?

A

-antigen presentation by a phagocyte
-connection between innate and adaptive immune systems

66
Q

What do viruses do? (AIR)

A

-float outside cells for a while
-eventually go into a cell

67
Q

Process of adaptive immune system seeing an antigen intracellular?

A

-phagocytosis pathogen destruction antigen presenting (APS = macrophage and dendrite)
-MHC I = antigen presenting
-To Tc (T cytotoxic) cell, perforin and granzyme release
-To target cell lysis (lysis infected cells)

68
Q

Why do Tc cells destroy an entire cell? (AIR)

A

-Because the virus gets into the cell and there in no way to kill it in the cell and the cell
-So kill the entire cell including the virus

69
Q

Process of adaptive immune system seeing an antigen extracellular?

A

-phagocytosis pathogen destruction antigen presenting (APS = macrophage and dendrite)
-MHC II = antigen presenting
-To Th (T helper) 1 cell, cytokines
-cytokine is released
-Inflammation

70
Q

What do a Th cell do? (AIR)

A

-helps make antibodies by activating B cell (humoral immunity)

71
Q

Where are most bacteria? (AIR)

A

-extracellular

72
Q

Can antibodies get into a cell? (AIR)

A

-No, antibodies are limited to extracellular

73
Q

Antigen Presentation Facts (AIR)

A

-Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) function as antigen-presenting molecules
-Antigen presenting cells (APC) process antigens and present them onto cellular surface packaged together with MHC molecules
-TCR of a selected T cell can bind only to a complex of foreign antigen presented by MHC complex.

74
Q

Can T cells interact with foreign antigens? (AIR)

A

-T cells do not interact with a foreign antigen unless it is presented in the context of the MHC protein

75
Q

When do T cells do anything? (AIR)

A

-when they are signaled by antigen presenting cells

76
Q

shock = (AIR)

A

inflammation

77
Q

What are the two types of Major histocompatibility complexes? (AIR)

A

-Class I MHC = on surface of all nucleated cells in the entire body.
-Class II MHC = on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B lymphocytes (all are phagocytic cells)

78
Q

T helper 1 cells - Cell-mediated Immunity (AIR)

A

-TH1
-recognize a phagocyte that is expressing a foreign antigen in the context of a Class II MHC molecule.
-In response they release cytokines and chemokines to further stimulate the phagocytic response

79
Q

Process of antigen presenting cell to T helper 1 cells - cell-mediated Immunity (AIR)

A

-Antigen presenting cell
-li protein comes out of ER and binds to MHC II
-breaks into phagolysosome
-Endocytosis = external foreign protein
-peptide binds to MHC which is specialized to each peptide
-binds to surface, CD 4, and activated TH cell

80
Q

Process of to Macrophage T helper 1 cells - cell-mediated Immunity (AIR)

A

-Th1 inflammatory T cell
-TCR, antigen, CD4 and MHC II bind to TH1 and macrophage
-release of cytokines
-cytokine activation (activated macrophage)
-Increased phagocytosis of all pathogens
-Inflammation!

81
Q

Cytotoxic T cell - Cell-mediated Immunity (AIR)

A

-Tc recognize ANY host cell that is expressing a foreign antigen in the context of a Class I MHC molecule and they kill that cell
-This is important for combatting virus-infected cells and cancer cells

82
Q

Process of Target cell to Cytotoxic T cells - cell-mediated Immunity (AIR)

A

-Internal foreign protein go through proteasome turn to peptide
-peptide go through TAP
-go through ER and bind to Class I MHC, chaperone, and B2m
-MCH I and TCR bind to surface of Tc cell with CD8

83
Q

Process of Cytotoxic T cell to cell death - cell-mediated Immunity (AIR)

A

-Tc cytotoxic T cell has granules with perforins and granzymes
-TCR, antigen, CD8 and Class I MHC bind to infected cell
-Release of granule contents punches hole in infected cell
-cell death by apoptosis

84
Q

B Cells - Antibody-Mediated Immunity (AIR)

A

-B cells express antibodies on their surface as B-cell receptor proteins
-If the receptor binds a foreign antigen, it is taken up and expressed on the cell surface in the context of a MHC II complex

85
Q

Process of B Cells - Antibody-Mediated Immunity (AIR)

A

-Antigen reactive B cell uptakes and degrades pathogen
-B cell has antibody receptors
-MHC II, pathogen antigen and TCR bind to B cell and TH2 cell (antigen presentation)
-TH2 cell has cytokines
-cytokine activation of B cell bc of binding to receptors
-B cell forms plasma cell
-plasma cell produces antibodies

86
Q

How many antibodies does a B plasma cell produce? (AIR)

A

-1, one B cell makes one type of antibody bc of control

87
Q

T Helper 2 Cells - Antibody-Mediated Immunity (AIR)

A

-TH2
-recognize a B-cell that is expressing a foreign antigen in the context of a Class II MHC molecule.
-In response they release cytokines to activate the B cell to divide repeatedly and form antibody-producing plasma cells
-process same as B cell

88
Q

Antibody-Mediated Immunity (AIR)

A

-activated cells produce not only plasma cells, but also Memory cells that remain in the body for many years
-Upon a later exposure to the same antigen, a very rapid response (from memory cell) and increase in antibody production results

89
Q

Process of Antibody-Mediated Immunity (AIR)

A

-T-helper cell (TH2) binds to T cell receptor, processed antigen, and class II MHC and binds to Antigen processing by B cell
-release of IL-4 and IL-5 cytokines by TH2 cell
-Antigen processing by B cell has antibody with bound antigen
-go to either plasma cell or memory cell

90
Q

Process of Antibody-Mediated Immunity when it goes to plasma cell (AIR)

A

-short lifetime
-antibody secretion
-makes a lot of antibodies

91
Q

what are antibodies?

A

-Large proteins

92
Q

Process of Antibody-Mediated Immunity when it goes to memory cell (AIR)

A

-long lifetime
-second exposure to antigen so quickly converts memory cell to plasma cell
-produces a lot of antibodies

93
Q

Antibodies/Immunoglobulins

A

-proteins
-heavy and light chains
-all have an antigen variable and contest regions
-disulfide bonds
-Y-shaped

94
Q

Why are Antibodies/Immunoglobulins Y-shaped?

A

-able to bind to 2 bacteria at a time
-cross link them together

95
Q

IgG, IgA, and IgD Antibodies/Immunoglobulins

A

-have 2 constant regions and 2 antigen region binds

96
Q

IgM and IgE Antibodies/Immunoglobulins

A

-have bigger constant region
-3 constant region and 2 antigen binds

97
Q

IgM Antibodies/Immunoglobulins

A

-10 antigen binding sites
-shaped like a ball
-linked 5 receptors together
-linked with J-chain
-disulfide bons
-usually first antibody to be made

98
Q

Secreted IgA (SIgA)

A

-4 antigen binding sites
-outside in mucus membrane, most others in circulate in blood
-linked with J-chain

99
Q

Antibodies/Immunoglobulins Functions

A

-Toxin Inhibition (Neutralizing antibody) =Tetanus
-Inhibition of interaction of virus with host cell (Neutralizing antibody) = COVID
-Killing of virus-infected cells
-Bacterial pathogen targeting

100
Q

What are the types of bacterial pathogen targeting?

A

-Complement activation
-Opsonization (increased phagocytosis) =Coat it with a protein

101
Q

Complement activation

A

-A series of proteins that interact with antibody-antigen complexes
-Can cause lysis/destruction of bacterial cells
-will increase phagocytosis (Opsonization)

102
Q

What are the types of complement activation?

A

-Classical
-Mannose-binding lectin
-Alternative

103
Q

Classical complement activation

A

-antibodies bind to cell surface antigens on bacterium
-C1s, C1r, and C1q bind to antibodies
-Then C2 and C4 bind
-Then C2 spilt into C2a and C2 b
-Then C4 split into C4a and C4 b
-C5 and C3 bind
-Then C3 a and C5a spilt off
-MAC (membrane activated complex) is made and punches a hole in bacteria to kill it

104
Q

Mannose-binding lectin complement activation

A

-MBL bind to mannose on bacterium surface
-C2, C3, and C4 bind to complex
-will form a MAC

105
Q

Alternative complement activation

A

-B, C3b and D bind to bacterium surface
-D turns to P
-C3 binds
-C3a and C3b spilt off
-forms a MAC complex

106
Q

Antibody-mediated (humoral) Immunity: Vaccination

A

-Primary response (1st shot): from antigen exposure to antigen reexposure antibodies made are low
-After reexposure/ secondary response/ booster shot antibodies made are very high and slow decline in immune response

107
Q

Immune Response:

A

As a result of immune memory, antigen reexposure triggers a much stronger secondary response

108
Q

Types of Vaccinations/Immunizations

A

-Killed bacterial cells/Inactivated virus (good for making antibodies)
-Live attenuated cells/virus (cell-mediated immunity)
-Toxoid=Inactivated toxin protein
-Recombinant/Synthetic antigen

109
Q

What vaccines should all ages get?

A

-Influenza
-Tetanus
-Varicella (chicken pox)

110
Q

What vaccinations are required for all VT students?

A

-MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella)
-Tetanus/Diphtheria (DTaP)
-Meningococcal vaccine
-Hepatitis B
-Polio
-COVID

111
Q

Relationship between Innate Response and Adaptive Response

A
  1. Innate immunity
  2. Antigen-specific antibody-mediated immunity
  3. Cell-mediated immunity

BIOL 2604 (17 decks)

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