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BIOL 2604 > Growth and Division > Flashcards

Growth and Division Flashcards

1
Q

Types of culture media

A

-Defined media
-complex media

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2
Q

Defined Media

A

-also known as minimal media
-made with purified chemicals so that exact composition is know: Glucose, amino acids, salts, buffer, vitamins.

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3
Q

Complex Media

A

-also known as undefined media
-made with digests of animal or plant products: yeast extract, casein (milk protein), soybeans, and beef extract

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4
Q

Growth Media: Defined Media

A

-works well for species with high biosynthetic capacity, as they have the ability to produce all of the amino acids, nucleotides, from basic carbon and nitrogen sources

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5
Q

Growth Media: Complex Media

A

-often required for species with numerous nutritional requirements
-many animal pathogens never grow outside the animal and so are never required to synthesize many required biosynthetic building blocks

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6
Q

Growth Media: Media used for Isolating/Identifying organisms within a mixed population

A

-common in clinical labs for identifying pathogens

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7
Q

Growth Media: Selective Media

A

-Contains compounds that inhibit the growth of certain organisms while allowing others to grow

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8
Q

Growth Media: Differential Media

A

-contains compounds that cause different colony appearance of different organisms. Often dyes that signal the presence of specific biochemical reactions.

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9
Q

Types of Growth Media

A

-Solid
-Liquid

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10
Q

Liquid medium

A

-allows for rapid and contrast mixing, so all cells are experiencing identical conditions at all times
-simple recovery and concentration of cells by filtering or centrifugation

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11
Q

Solid medium

A

-allows for isolation of individual colonies
-counting of individuals
-observation of colony phenotype differences
-isolation of pure culture

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12
Q

Bacterial Cell Division

A

Binary fission results in symmetric cell division.

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13
Q

Steps in Cell Division

A

-DNA replication and segregation (begins before start of division)
-Cytokinesis
-Synthesizing the new cell wall

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14
Q

What is Cytokinesis and what happens in this step of Cell Division?

A

-Splitting the cytoplasm in two septum formations
-choosing the center of the cell
-divisome formation
-invaginating the membrane

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15
Q

What happens in the synthesize step of cell division?

A

-polymerizing peptidoglycan strands
-cell shape determination

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16
Q

What is Fts?

A

-Fts protein
-stands for filamentation temperature sensitive
- a homolog of tubulin found in eukaryotic cells
-forms a hoop-shaped filament around the center of the cell
-linked to cytoplasmic membrane by Zip A and Fts A

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17
Q

What is GTP hydrolysis by and what does it do?

A

-GTP is hydrolysis by Fts Z drives filament shortening and thus membrane invagination

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18
Q

What is Fts I directly involved in?

A

-peptidoglycan synthesis in the septum

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19
Q

What are used to finding the Cell Center?

A

Min proteins

20
Q

What does Min E do?

A

-oscillates from pole to pole, driving Min C and Min D away from the poles

21
Q

What do Min C and Min D do?

A

-Because of Min E they are also constantly oscillating from one pole to the other
-inhibit divisome formation
-forms where Min protein concentration is lowest, at the cell center

22
Q

What does the name Min come from?

A

-Minicell formation

23
Q

What does Min D do?

A

-oscillates from pole to pole every 20 seconds.

24
Q

How can you measure population growth?

A

-Direct Count/total count
-Viable Count

25
Q

Direct Count/total count

A

-with Petroff-Hausser counting chamber

26
Q

Viable Count

A

-using serial dilutions and either spread or pour plates
-serial dilutions to obtain a cell suspension that can be accurately counted
-statistically significant counts are found between 30-300 colonies/plate
-TMTC or TFTC

27
Q

Monitoring Population Growth

A

-measure turbidity or optical density with a spectrophotometer

28
Q

Growth of Bacterial Populations

A

-Exponential = Logarithmic!

29
Q

Population Growth

A

-we plot growth on semi-log scales (log of cells/ml versus time)
-A standard measure of growth RATE is doubling time = generation time

30
Q

Growth Phases in BATCH culture

A

-Lag
-Exponential/Logarithmic (log)
-Stationary
-Depth

31
Q

Growth in Continuous Culture

A

-Chemostat
-Steady State
-Applications
-dilution rate=flow rate/volume of container

32
Q

Factors Affecting microbial growth

A

-medium: complex (undefined) vs minimal (defines)
-Medium: liquid vs solid media
-Temperature
-pH
-Osmotic Strength (NaCl and Halophiles)
-Oxygen level

33
Q

Temperature

A

-cardinal temperatures (minimal, optimum, and maximum)

34
Q

Cardinal Temperature: Minimum

A

-membrane gelling
-transport processes so slow that growth cannot occure

35
Q

Cardinal Temperature: Optimum

A

-enzymatic reactions occurring at maximal possible rate

36
Q

Cardinal Temperature: Maximum

A

-protein denaturation
-collapse of the cytoplastic membrane
-thermal lysis

37
Q

Temperature: Classes of Organisms

A

-Psychrophile (4 degrees Celsius)
-Mesophile (39 degrees Celsius)
-Thermophile (60 degrees Celsius)
-Hyperthermophile (88 degrees Celsius)
-Hyperthermophile (106 degrees Celsius)

38
Q

pH

A

-Acidophile
-Alkalophile
-Neutrophiles

39
Q

Acidophiles

A

-increasing acidity
-6 pH or lower
-H+ 10^-6 or higher (10^5)
-OH- 10^-8 or lower (10^9)

40
Q

Alkalophile

A

-increasing alkalinity
-8 pH or higher
-H+ 10^-8 or lower (10^9)
-OH- 10^-6 or high (10^5)

41
Q

Neutrophiles

A

-pH 7
-pure water
-H+ 10^7
-OH- 10^-7

42
Q

What is the pH of medium cells?

A

-maintain internal pH between 6-8
-we frequently put buffers in artificial medium to maintain constant pH.

43
Q

Osmotic Strength

A

-nonhalophile: Escherichia Coli
-halotolerant: Staphylococcus Aureus
-halophile: Aliivibrio Fischer
-extreme halophile: Halobacterium

44
Q

Oxygen Levels of Organisms

A

-Aerobes (21% O2)
-Obligate (strict anaerobes)
-Facultative (aerobic or anaerobic)
-Microaerophiles (0% O2< x < 21% O2)
-Aerotolerant anaerobes

45
Q

Growth of Anaerobes

A

-strict anaerobes frequently in anerobic (anoxic) chamber
-Aerotolerant anaerobes can be in anoxic jars (chemical removal O2)

46
Q

Oxygen Levels

A

-Toxic forms of oxygen
-produced during metabolism in the presence of oxygen

47
Q

Cellular enzymes for removal of toxic forms of oxygen

A

-catalase
-peroxidase
-superoxide dismutase
-superoxide dismutase/catalase in combination
-superoxide reductase

BIOL 2604 (17 decks)

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