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BIOL 2604 > Pathogenesis > Flashcards

Pathogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the structures that pathogens use to adhere to host cells?

A

-capsules
-proteins
-fimbriae
-pili

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2
Q

What environmental factors affect the ability of a pathogen to colonize a host?

A

-pH
-Temperature = 37
-Oxygen = body mostly aerobic
-Nutrients

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3
Q

How is virulence measured?

A

-LD50=Lethal Dose to kill 50% of infected animals

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4
Q

What is a virulence factor?

A

-Any protein or cell structure expressed by a pathogen that increased its ability to cause disease
-are things produced by the pathogen that increase its ability to cause disease

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5
Q

What are Exotoxins?

A

-Exo is protein released from bacterial cell that affects host cells
-travels in the host and cause damage elsewhere
-hemolysin
-can lyse other host cells

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6
Q

What are Enterotoxins?

A

-Entero is an exo that works in the intestinal tract (SI)
-causes fluid release (diarrhea)

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7
Q

What are Endotoxins?

A

-Endo is LPS on the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
-causes inflammation, fever, diarrhea, cytokine release and excitation of immune cells
-shock -> death

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8
Q

What are the mechanisms of action of the various toxins discussed in class?

A

-Hemolysins
-Botulinum and Tetanus toxin
-Cholera

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9
Q

Hemolysins

A

-Hemolysins lyse cells by acting as lipase or as membrane pore
-lyses red blood cells (RBC)

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10
Q

Botulinum toxin and Tetanus toxin

A

-block neurotransmitter function to cause either inability to contract muscles (BOT) or inability to relax muscles (Tetanus)

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11
Q

Cholera toxin

A

-cholera toxin produces cAMP, triggering cells to block Na uptake and to release CL into intestinal lumen
-Water follows the salt to produce diarrhea

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12
Q

What diseases are caused by Streptococcus species?

A

-Pharyngitis
-Otitis media
-Mastitis
-Impetigo
-Erysipalas
-Scarlet fever
-Rarely necrotizing fasciitis
-Rheumatic fever

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13
Q

How does Borrelia burgdorferi spread and what are the characteristics of its infection of humans?

A

-Tick vector from Deer or mice
-No toxins, just inflammation
-Erythema migrans = red rash spreading from tick bite
-gram negative spirochete
tick must be on human for >24 hours (48 hours)

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14
Q

What is the subclinical zone?

A

-zone where a person shows no symptoms
-or have an asymptomatic infection
-look at graph

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15
Q

When a person no longer shows symptoms does that mean the infection is gone? example?

A

-No, just because a person has no symptoms does not mean the infection is gone
-Malaria

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16
Q

Steps of infection/pathogenesis

A

-exposure
-adherence
-invasion
-multiplication
-toxicity
-invasiveness
-tissue or systemic damage

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17
Q

What is part of the infection process?

A

-adherence
-invasion
-multiplication

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18
Q

what is part of the disease process?

A

-toxicity
-invasiveness
-tissue or systemic damage

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19
Q

What is the first step in the infection process?

A

-exposure

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20
Q

Adherence

A

-to skin or mucosa
-no adherence, no infection
-adhesin
-host receptor

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21
Q

Invasion

A

-through epithelium
-Colonization/Infection
-evade immune system
-find hospitable environment
-acquire nutrients

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22
Q

multiplication

A

-growth and production or virulence factors and toxins
-bacteria need to grow, grow faster than getting killed

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23
Q

Toxicity

A

-toxin effects are local or systemic

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24
Q

Invasiveness

A

-further growth at original and distant sites

25
Q

What are adhesins and host receptors?

A

-adhesins=substance that adheres
-host receptor= adhesin receptor, binds (specifically)

26
Q

Capsules

A

-pathogenic E.Coli
-Streptococcus mutans

27
Q

Proteins

A

-Streptococcus pyogenes=M proteins bind to respiratory mucosa
-Neisseria gonorrhea=Opa protein bind to CD66

28
Q

Fimbriae/Pili

A

-Neisseria gonorrhea
-Salmonella species
-Pathogenic E. Coli

29
Q

Lipoteichoic acid

A

-Streptococcus pyogenes

30
Q

Are Fimbriae sticky?

A

yes

31
Q

How are vaccines designed?

A

-create antibodies to block receptors
-only effective when the pathogen adherence stays the same

32
Q

When a pathogen invades what nutrients do they need to acquire?

A

-Iron (Fe) is usually a limiting factor
-Human proteins transferrin and lactoferrin tightly bind Fe
-Some bacteria can bind these host proteins and acquire iron
-some bacteria make their own chelators (siderophores) to trap the limiting iron

33
Q

What bacteria can bind to host proteins and acquire iron?

A

-Neisseria makes a transferrin receptor protein

34
Q

What bacteria can make their own chelators (siderophores) to trap the limiting iron?

A

-E. Coli makes Aerobactin that binds iron and returns it to the cell.

35
Q

What is a chelator?

A

-molecules that have the ability to bind to metal ions and form stable complexes
-siderophores are specialized molecules that scavenge for iron from their surroundings

36
Q

Virulence

A

-a measure of ability to cause disease
-how many bacteria does it take to cause an infection

37
Q

Does Streptococcus pneumonia or Salmonella need more bacteria to infect?

A

-Salmonella needs more which means it has a low virulence

38
Q

How many virulence factor will a single pathogen make?

A

-multiple virulence factors

39
Q

What are some non-protein toxin virulence factors?

A

-endotoxin

40
Q

What are some protein toxin virulence factors?

A

-Exotoxins
-Enterotoxins

41
Q

How do exotoxins act?

A

-cleave membrane lipids (lipases)
-forming pores in the membrane and killing the cells

42
Q

What are some examples of extoxins?

A

-C. botulinum toxin blocks nerve stimulation of muscle contraction: Botulism, flaccid paralysis
-C. tetanus toxin causes constant nerve stimulation of muscle contraction: Tetanus (lockjaw)

43
Q

Streptococcus

A

-Gram-positive cocci in chains
-common member of normal flora of upper respiratory tract
-pathogenic strains generally produce capsules
-broad range of species and strains
-everyone has some in their upper respiratory tract

44
Q

When does streptococcus cause a problem?

A

-you acquire a strain that is not apart of your normal flora and it has a greater virulence than your normal flora
-when the flora strains move out of their normal location

45
Q

Streptococcus: Pharyngitis

A

-strep throat

46
Q

Streptococcus: otitis media

A

-ear infection

47
Q

Streptococcus: matitis

A

-mammry glans

48
Q

Streptococcus: erysipelas

A

-very red skin

49
Q

Streptococcus: necrotizing fasciitis

A

-flesh eating bacteria

50
Q

Streptococcus: Rheumatic fever

A

-autoimmune reaction against heart valves due to similar antigens
-for life, permanent damage

51
Q

Neisseria meningitidis

A

-gram negative diplococci
-bacteremia
-meningitis
-rapid progression10% death even with aggressive treatment
-common in college student populations
-GET VACCINATED

52
Q

Bactermia

A

-invasion of bloodstream
-toxins cause coagulation and interrupted blood flow to extremities

53
Q

Meningitis

A

-inflammation of the membranes around the central nervous system

54
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi

A

-grows in many wild animal mammals without clear disease
-Lyme disease
-common in northeast and Midwest
-increase incidences
-treatable with antibiotics

55
Q

Why have incidences of Borrelia Burgdorferi gone up?

A

-increase in reporting
-increase deer population
-increase human/tick contact

56
Q

What are the symptoms and initial symptoms of Borrelia Burgdorferi?

A

-Initial=erythema migrans spreads from bite over several days
-bulls eye rash
-headache, chills fatigue

57
Q

What happens if Borrelia Burgdorferi is untreated?

A

-arthritis as bacteria invade joints
-invasion of NeuroSystems
-palsy, facial ticks, weakness

58
Q

Enterotoxin pathway

A
  1. normal ion movement, Na+ from lumen to blood no net Cl- movement
  2. Colonization and toxin production by V. cholerae
  3. Activation of epithelial adenylate cyclase by cholera toxin
  4. Na= movement blocked, net Cl- movement to lumen
  5. Massive water movement to the lumen; cholera symptoms
    -diarrhea
59
Q

what is Enterotoxin and its treatment

A

-cholera toxin: AB-form toxin
-increase amount of cyclic AMP
-water with salt

BIOL 2604 (17 decks)

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