Epidemiology Flashcards
What terms are used to describe prevalence and outbreaks?
-Endemic
-Epidemic
-Pandemic
Endemic
-a disease is constantly present at relatively low levels in a population
-local, permanent
Epidemic
-simultaneous infections of a large number of people in a population
-local, but spreads
Pandemic
-a particularly widespread, generally worldwide, epidemic
-everywhere
What terms are used to describe the frequency and severity of a disease in a population during some time period?
-Incidence
-Prevalence
-Mortality
-Morbidity
Incidence
-is the number of new cases in time period
Prevalence
-is the number of total cases, new and existing
Mortality
-is the incidence of death in a population
Morbidity
-the incidence of disease including fatal and nonfatal diseases
-is the total incidence
What do we call a disease that moves from animals to humans?
-Zoonosis
What do we call infections that are acquired in health-care facilities?
-Nosocomial
Why are these types of infections so common? Patient reasons.
-healthcare facilities treat infectious disease patients
-Multiple patients in the same room
-patients have low resistance to infectious disease
-Certain dugs increase a patients susceptibility to infection
-healthcare personnel move from patient to patient
Why are these types of infections so common? Non-patients reason.
-Newborn infants are susceptible to infection
-Surgical procedures expose organs to contamination
-healthcare procedures may breach the skin and introduce infection
-Use of antibiotics has selected for antibiotics-resistant organisms
What factors do epidemiologists study in relationship spread and prevalence?
-geographic data
-climatic data
-social data
-demographic data
How do the spread of diseases differ when they are due to common-source and host-to-host epidemics?
-common source rise and drop quickly
-host-to-host do so slowly
What is herd immunity?
-resistance of a group to infection due to immunity of a high proportion of the group
-If a large percentage of a population is immune, it prevents spread of disease from one infected individual, so other unprotected people are protected.
What is Epidemiology for?
-public health
-key is to prevent people from getting sick
Epidemiology
-the study of the occurrence, distribution, and determinations of health and disease in a population
Epidemiology in developed countries
-infectious diseases cause fewer deaths then noninfectious diseases in developed countries
-new diseases are emerging: west Nile fever (mosquitos) and COVID
What percent does infectious diseases account for worldwide?
-30%
When did the influenza pandemic occur and how did it start?
-Occurred in 1918
-started on an Army base in Kansas and spread when they shipped the soilders overseas
What do kids mostly from?
Reservior
-is a site in which infectious agents remain viable and from which infection of individuals can occur.
-May be animal, human, or environmental
Zoonosis
-is any disease that primarily infects animals, but it occasionally transmitted to humans
Can a zoonotic disease be controlled?
-control of a zoonotic disease in the human population may not eliminate the disease as a potential public health problem
Why are zoonotic diseases hard to control?
-certain infectious diseases have complex life cycles involving an obligate transfer from a nonhuman host to humans followed by transfer back to the non-human host
What disease is an example of why epidemiologists study epidemiology factors?
-California encephalitis
Direct host-to-host transmission
-infected individual transmits a disease directly to a susceptible host without the assistance of an intermediary (flu, common cold, STD, and ringworm)
Indirect host-to-host transmission
-occurs when transmission is facilitated by a living or nonliving agent
-vectors and fomites
Fomites
-non-living agents
-surface
Vectors
-living agents
-mosquito
Common source epidemic
-usually arises from contamination of water or food
host-to-host epidemic
-the disease shows a slow, progressive rise and a gradual decline
Example of person to person
-direct contact
-indirect contact
-airborne droplets
Example of vehicle
-waterborne
-foodborne
-airborne
-soilborne
-soil aerosol or infected animal
Example of vector
-arthropods/insects: mites, ticks, and mosquitos
When did filtration and chlorination begin?
-filtration 1906
-chlorination 1913
What is a current epidemic?
-AIDS/HIV
Ways males get AIDS/HIV
(highest to lowest percentage)
-male to male sexual contact
-heterosexual contact
-injection drug use
-male to male sexual contact and injection drug use
Ways Females get AIDS/HIV
(highest to lowest percentage)
-heterosexual contact
-injection drug use
-other
What happen to measles after the vaccination came out and when did it come out?
-cases decreased
-vaccine was licensed in 1963
How many nosocomial infectious cases occur a year?
-1,700,00 million
