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BIOL 2604 > Epidemiology > Flashcards

Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

What terms are used to describe prevalence and outbreaks?

A

-Endemic
-Epidemic
-Pandemic

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2
Q

Endemic

A

-a disease is constantly present at relatively low levels in a population
-local, permanent

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3
Q

Epidemic

A

-simultaneous infections of a large number of people in a population
-local, but spreads

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4
Q

Pandemic

A

-a particularly widespread, generally worldwide, epidemic
-everywhere

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5
Q

What terms are used to describe the frequency and severity of a disease in a population during some time period?

A

-Incidence
-Prevalence
-Mortality
-Morbidity

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6
Q

Incidence

A

-is the number of new cases in time period

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7
Q

Prevalence

A

-is the number of total cases, new and existing

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8
Q

Mortality

A

-is the incidence of death in a population

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9
Q

Morbidity

A

-the incidence of disease including fatal and nonfatal diseases
-is the total incidence

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10
Q

What do we call a disease that moves from animals to humans?

A

-Zoonosis

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11
Q

What do we call infections that are acquired in health-care facilities?

A

-Nosocomial

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12
Q

Why are these types of infections so common? Patient reasons.

A

-healthcare facilities treat infectious disease patients
-Multiple patients in the same room
-patients have low resistance to infectious disease
-Certain dugs increase a patients susceptibility to infection
-healthcare personnel move from patient to patient

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13
Q

Why are these types of infections so common? Non-patients reason.

A

-Newborn infants are susceptible to infection
-Surgical procedures expose organs to contamination
-healthcare procedures may breach the skin and introduce infection
-Use of antibiotics has selected for antibiotics-resistant organisms

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14
Q

What factors do epidemiologists study in relationship spread and prevalence?

A

-geographic data
-climatic data
-social data
-demographic data

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15
Q

How do the spread of diseases differ when they are due to common-source and host-to-host epidemics?

A

-common source rise and drop quickly
-host-to-host do so slowly

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16
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

-resistance of a group to infection due to immunity of a high proportion of the group
-If a large percentage of a population is immune, it prevents spread of disease from one infected individual, so other unprotected people are protected.

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17
Q

What is Epidemiology for?

A

-public health
-key is to prevent people from getting sick

18
Q

Epidemiology

A

-the study of the occurrence, distribution, and determinations of health and disease in a population

19
Q

Epidemiology in developed countries

A

-infectious diseases cause fewer deaths then noninfectious diseases in developed countries
-new diseases are emerging: west Nile fever (mosquitos) and COVID

20
Q

What percent does infectious diseases account for worldwide?

A

-30%

21
Q

When did the influenza pandemic occur and how did it start?

A

-Occurred in 1918
-started on an Army base in Kansas and spread when they shipped the soilders overseas

22
Q

What do kids mostly from?

A
23
Q

Reservior

A

-is a site in which infectious agents remain viable and from which infection of individuals can occur.
-May be animal, human, or environmental

24
Q

Zoonosis

A

-is any disease that primarily infects animals, but it occasionally transmitted to humans

25
Q

Can a zoonotic disease be controlled?

A

-control of a zoonotic disease in the human population may not eliminate the disease as a potential public health problem

26
Q

Why are zoonotic diseases hard to control?

A

-certain infectious diseases have complex life cycles involving an obligate transfer from a nonhuman host to humans followed by transfer back to the non-human host

27
Q

What disease is an example of why epidemiologists study epidemiology factors?

A

-California encephalitis

28
Q

Direct host-to-host transmission

A

-infected individual transmits a disease directly to a susceptible host without the assistance of an intermediary (flu, common cold, STD, and ringworm)

29
Q

Indirect host-to-host transmission

A

-occurs when transmission is facilitated by a living or nonliving agent
-vectors and fomites

30
Q

Fomites

A

-non-living agents
-surface

31
Q

Vectors

A

-living agents
-mosquito

32
Q

Common source epidemic

A

-usually arises from contamination of water or food

33
Q

host-to-host epidemic

A

-the disease shows a slow, progressive rise and a gradual decline

34
Q

Example of person to person

A

-direct contact
-indirect contact
-airborne droplets

35
Q

Example of vehicle

A

-waterborne
-foodborne
-airborne
-soilborne
-soil aerosol or infected animal

36
Q

Example of vector

A

-arthropods/insects: mites, ticks, and mosquitos

37
Q

When did filtration and chlorination begin?

A

-filtration 1906
-chlorination 1913

38
Q

What is a current epidemic?

A

-AIDS/HIV

39
Q

Ways males get AIDS/HIV

A

(highest to lowest percentage)
-male to male sexual contact
-heterosexual contact
-injection drug use
-male to male sexual contact and injection drug use

40
Q

Ways Females get AIDS/HIV

A

(highest to lowest percentage)
-heterosexual contact
-injection drug use
-other

41
Q

What happen to measles after the vaccination came out and when did it come out?

A

-cases decreased
-vaccine was licensed in 1963

42
Q

How many nosocomial infectious cases occur a year?

A

-1,700,00 million

BIOL 2604 (17 decks)

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