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BIOL 2604 > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What are the essentials for all microorganisms?

A

-Hydrogen
-carbon
-nitrogen
-oxygen
-phosphorus
-sulfur
-selenium

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2
Q

What are the types of energy sources?

A

-chemical = chemotrophy
-light = phototrophy

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3
Q

What are the types of chemical (chemotrophy) source?

A

-chemoorganotrophs
-chemolithotrophs

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4
Q

chemoorganotrophs

A

uses organic compounds

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5
Q

chemolithotrophs

A

uses inorganic chemicals

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6
Q

What is a type of light (phototrophy) source? and what does it produce?

A

-phototroph (light)
-produces ATP

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7
Q

Catabolic reaction (catabolism)

A

Breaking down available nutrients to extract energy and to provide simple organic building blocks for synthesizing new cell components.

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8
Q

Anabolic reactions (anabolism)

A

using simple organic building blocks to produce more complex components = biosynthesis

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9
Q

What increases a rate of a biological reaction?

A

Enzymes

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10
Q

Enzymes

A

-are NOT consumed or altered in the reaction
-do NOT determine the direction of the reaction
-increase the frequency of the substrate reaching the transition state
-have an active site
-may undergo a conformational change during catalysis

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11
Q

Lysozyme

A

-kills bacteria
-found in saliva

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12
Q

Lysozyme and Peptide pathway

A
  1. Substrate is bound to enzyme active site
  2. enzyme substrate complex form
    -when it binds it bends
  3. Strain is placed on bond
  4. products are released
  5. enzyme is ready to begin new catalytic cycle
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13
Q

What might enzymes have?

A

a prosthetic group

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14
Q

Prosthetic Group

A

-covalently bound to enzyme
-heme and Fe-S cluster never come off

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15
Q

Coenzymes

A

-move between enzymes and are recycled
-NAD+
-FAD
-coenzyme A

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16
Q

The electron donor becomes…

A

oxidized

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17
Q

The electron acceptor becomes…

A

reduced

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18
Q

A reducing agent (or reductant) donates electrons and becomes…

A

oxidized

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19
Q

An oxidizing agent (or oxidizer) accepts electrons and becomes…

A

reduced

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20
Q

Frequently, donors release not only electrons but also … and acceptors receive both electrons and …

A

protons

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21
Q

The Redox Tower

A

-all electrons have reduction potentials
-A donor can only give up electrons to an acceptor that is lower on the redox tower than itself
-Energy is released in the transfer
-An acceptor in one reaction can be a donor in another

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22
Q

In the cell, electron transfer are generally facilitated by electron carries

A

-NAD+ (NADP+ is the same but with an extra phosphate)
-FAD+
-These are coenzymes that interact with enzymes that catalyze redox reactions, accept electrons and can then diffuse to another site in the cell and donate electrons to an acceptor that is lower on the redox tower

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23
Q

NAD+ reduction steps

A
  1. enzyme 1 reacts with e- donor and oxidized from coenzyme, NAD+
  2. NADH and reaction product are formed
  3. enzyme 2 reacts with e- acceptor and reduced form of coenzyme, NADH
  4. NAD+ is released
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24
Q

What does this mean ~ ?

A

anhydride bond

25
Q

Is ATP a high energy source?

A

Yes

26
Q

What does the transfer of a high energy phosphate bond form?

A

A biochemical intermediate to ADP, forming ATP

27
Q

What are the two ways to make ATP?

A

-substrate-level phosphorylation
-oxidative phosphorylation

28
Q

What does PMF stand for?

A

proton motor force

29
Q

Can a cell exists with a hole in its membrane?

A

No

30
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

the production of ATP from a proton motive force that is formed by electron transport reactions driven by the oxidation of an electron and reduction of an external electron acceptor

31
Q

Substrate-level Phosphorylation

A

the production of ATP by the direct transfer of an energy-rich phosphate molecule from a phosphorylated organic compound to ADP

32
Q

Glycolysis/Embden - Meyerhof Pathway

A

-glucose catabolism
-parts of the pathway occur in ALL living cells
-This process does not require oxygen
-Glycolysis produces energy (ATP and reduced coenzymes) AND essential precursor molecules for biosynthesis pathways
-net 2 ATP via substrate level phosphorylation

33
Q

Glycolysis Products

A

-Yeast = Glucose -> 2 ethanol +2CO2
-Lactic Acid = glucose -> 2 lactate

34
Q

Recycling reduction coenzymes: Method #1: Fermentation

A

-permits recycling of reduced coenzymes
-requires no electron transport chain (no external electron acceptors)
-produces commercially useful products

35
Q

What MUST organisms do if they do not have a good terminal electron acceptor (like O2)? (this is frequently under anaerobic conditions)

A

recycle reduced coenzymes by fermentation

36
Q

How much ATP is yielded from catabolism of glucose with fermentation?

A

2

37
Q

How much ATP is yielded from catabolism of glucose with aerobic respiration?

A

-36-38 ATP
-going in an oxygen rich atmosphere can be very useful.

38
Q

What is first step in the glucose metabolism in the present of oxygen?

A
  1. the citric acid cycle (CAC) begins when the two-carbon compound acetyl-CoA condenses with the four-carbon compound oxaloacetate to form the six-carbon compound citrate
39
Q

What is second step in the glucose metabolism in the present of oxygen?

A
  1. Through a series of oxidations and transformations, citrate is ultimately converted back to the four-carbon compound oxaloacetate, which then begins another cycle with addition of the next molecule of acetyl-CoA
40
Q

What is third step in the glucose metabolism in the present of oxygen?

A

two redox reactions occur but no CO2 is released from succinate to oxaloacetate

41
Q

What is fourth step in the glucose metabolism in the present of oxygen?

A

Oxaloacetate can be made from C3 compounds by the addition of CO2.

42
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

-electrons enter the chain from a primary electron donor
-when FMNH2 reduces an Fe/S protein (an electron-only carrier) protons are extruded
-electrons exit the chain by reducing the terminal electron acceptor (O2)

43
Q

What are the 5 principles of electron transport chain and respiration?

A
  1. oxidize and recycle NAD and FAD
  2. Electrons and protons move DOWN the redox tower
  3. E- carries are quinones, cytochromes, iron-sulfur proteins FMN, Fe S, and Hemes are protein prosthetic groups
  4. Protons are moved from the inside to the outside GENERATE PMF!
  5. O2 is the terminal electron acceptor, produces water
44
Q

Electron/Proton Carries

A

-Coenzymes (NAD+, NADP+, FAD+, Quinones)
-prosthetic groups
-accept and donate electrons/or protons

45
Q

What are examples of prosthetic groups?

A

-FMN= flavin mononucleotide
-Heme, a porphyrin, contains iron, found in cytochrome proteins
-FeS cluster = iron sulfur clusters, found in complex 1 and 3

46
Q

ATP synthase: F0 and F1

A

-movement of protons DOWN the gradient (from outside to inside) provides the energy for synthesis of ATP.
-The enzyme is often called “ATPase” because it was first discovered an enzyme present in cell extracts that could break down ATP. The reaction is reversible.
-cells that only carry out fermentation run this reaction in reverse to generate PMF

47
Q

Where are F0 and F1 found?

A

-F0 is found in the membrane
-F1 is found in the cytoplasm

48
Q

Glycolysis

A

-Glucose -> pyruvate (ATP via substrate -level)
-Pyruvate -> Fermentation or CO2
-Pyruvate -> Fermentation (fermentation products acids or alcohols)
-Pyruvate -> CO2 (TCA cycle and respiration)

49
Q

Energy Production

A

-substrates -> catabolism -> exergonic reaction
-ATP -> proton motive force (and substrate level phosphorylation)
-Monomers -> Anabolism (Biosynthesis) -> Macromolecules and other cellular constituents

50
Q

Catabolism

A

energy generation

51
Q

Anabolism

A

energy consumption

52
Q

exergonic reaction

A

produce energy

53
Q

endergonic reaction

A

use energy

54
Q

Anabolic Metabolism = Biosynthesis

A

-biosynthesis of sugar (and polysaccharides), amino acids (and proteins), nucleotides (nucleic acid) and fatty acids (and lipids)

55
Q

Anabolic Metabolism = Biosynthesis (Sugars)

A

-biosynthesis of sugars
-not all organisms grown on sugar sources

56
Q

Anabolic Metabolism = Biosynthesis (amino acids)

A

-biosynthesis of amino acids
-Transaminases = move amino groups between molecules
-citric acid cycle = glutamate and aspartate family
-glycolysis = aromatic family

57
Q

Anabolic Metabolism = Biosynthesis (nucleotides)

A

-carbon and nitrogen atoms from amino acids
-single carbons from CO2 and folic acid (a vitamin that cycles single carbons for this purpose)

58
Q

Anabolic Metabolism = Biosynthesis (fatty acids)

A

-ACP = acyl carrier protein, the carrier on which the fatty acid is built
-the reaction is repeated, lengthing the chain by 2 c in each step
-The 16 c chain is eventually transferred to glycerol to produce the lipid

BIOL 2604 (17 decks)

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