Treaty of Westphalia to the Modern State Flashcards

1
Q

What defined the Ideal Typical Modern State at the birth of the modern state system?

A
  • Defined, limited territory
  • Legitimate monopoly on the use of
    force internally and externally
  • Defined and specialised bureaucracy
    organise by function
  • Sovereignty recognised by other states
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2
Q

What things might have contributed to the birth of the modern state system?

A
  • Historically unique events
  • Physical, cultural or ethnic geography
  • Population growth and pressures
  • Technological advancements
  • Philosophical writings
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3
Q

Summarise Nicolo Machiavelli

A
  • (1469 - 1527)
  • Governance is separate from morality
    in leading the modern state
  • “Of all types of princes, the new prince cannot escape the reputation for cruelty, since new states are full of dangers”
  • “It is much safer to be feared than to be loved”
  • “But since men are a wicked lot and will not keep their promises to you, you likewise need not keep yours to them”
  • Prisoner’s Dilemma
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4
Q

What is the Prisoner’s Dilemma and who is associted with it?

A
  • Whilst cooperating is group-optimal, without perfect information of the other parties intentions and in the face of self-maximising behaviour, there is a tendency for rational agents to defect
  • Nicolo Machiavelli
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5
Q

What were the causes of the shift from European wars of religion to wars of ideology?

A
  • 16th Century Protestant Reformation
  • Technology
    • Printing press
    • Chronographs
    • Weaponry
  • Demography
  • Exploration
  • Colonisation
  • Trade
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6
Q

What was the 16th Century Protestant Reformation?

A
  • One of the main societal triggers for questioning the established order
  • Martin Luther
    • Nailed his “95 Theses” to
      Wittenberg’s All Saint’s Church
      in 1517
      • Not a fan of indulgences
        (paying off sin)
    • Excommunicated by Pope, 1520
    • Translated Bible into the
      vernacular
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7
Q

What ended the Protestant Reformation?

A
  • Peace of Ausgsburg

* End of the Thirty Years War

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8
Q

What was the Peace of Augsburg?

A
  • End of Protestant Reformation
  • 25 September 1555
  • Treaty between Holy Roman Emperor
    Charles V and an alliance of Luterhan
    princes
  • Made the legal split within Holy
    Roman Empire permanent
  • Allowed princes to decide the
    religion (Lutheranism or Catholicism)
    within their territory
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9
Q

What was the Thirty Years War?

A
  • 1618 - 1648
  • Began when the Holy Roman Emperor
    Ferdinand II of Bohemia tried to
    restrict religious activities of his
    subjects which led to Protestants
    rebelling
  • Eventually came to include many of
    Europe’s great powers and a crucial
    fight between France and the Hapsburgs
  • Incredibly destructive with estimates
    of a fifth of the population of what
    is now Germany perishing
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10
Q

What was the Treaty of Westphalia?

A
  • 1648
  • Series of treaties signed In Osnabruck and Munster (current Germany)
  • Ended the Thirty Years’ War in the Holy Roman Empire and the Eighty Years War between Spain and the Dutch Republic
  • Created a basis for the national self-determination of co-existing sovereign states
  • Interstate war was to be kept under control through a balance of power
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11
Q

What was the balance of power that evolved from the Treaty of Westphalia?

A
  • A balance of power did not mean no war
  • There were over three dozen wars,
    conflicts, revolts etc. in Europe
    from 1648 to 1789
  • It signified a willingness to form
    alliances if one got too powerful
  • Balancing is the opposite of
    bandwagoning, another foreign policy
    technique (bandwagoning - coalition
    of the willing)
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12
Q

Who were the most influential thinkers during the shift from European wars of religion to wars of ideology?

A
  • Thomas Hobbes
  • John Locke
  • Jean-Jacque Rosseau
  • Immanuel Kant
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13
Q

Who was Thomas Hobbes?

A
  • British
  • 1588-1679
  • Best known for Leviathan (1651)
    • Concerned with social and
      political order and how people
      can live in peace
    • People should give power to an
      authoritarian sovereign or else
      people are in a state of nature
      with violent death is a constant
      risk
    • Helped establish the idea of a
      social contract where people
      exchange autonomy for security
- In a state of nature “there is no
  place for industry, because the fruit
  thereof is uncertain, and
  consequently, no culture of the
  earth, no navigation, no knowledge of
  the face of the earth, no account of
  time, no arts, no letters, no
  society, and which is worst of all,
  continual fear and danger of violent
  death, and the life of man, solitary,
  poor, nasty, brutish and short.”
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14
Q

Who was John Locke?

A
  • British
  • 1632 - 1704
  • Best known for Two treatises of
    Government (1689)
  • Right after 1688 Glorious Revolution
    when King James II overthrown and
    William III became English Kind
  • Like Hobbes, focuses on the
    social contract
  • Unlike Hobbes his view of the state
    of nature was less bleak
- The state of nature “is full of fears
  and continual dangers: and it is not
  without reason, that he seeks out,
  and is willing to join in society
  with others, who are already united,
  or have a mind to unite, for the
  mutual preservation of their lives,
  liberties and estates, which I call
  by the general name, property.”
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15
Q

Who was Jean-Jacque Rosseau?

A
  • 1712-1778
  • Philosopher, writer and composer from
    Geneva whose ideas also influenced
    the French Revolution
  • Best known for Social Contract (1762)
    • Rousseau argues that the state of
      nature is without law or
      mortality and that people join
      together through the social
      contract under authority of the
      general will of the people
    • He therefore argues that
      sovereignty is in the hands of
      the people
    - “Man is born free, and everywhere
      he is in chains. Those who think
      themselves the masters of others
      are indeed greater slaves than
      they.”
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16
Q

Who was Immanuel Kant?

A
  • 1724-1804
  • German philosopher who wrote widely
    on morality, ethic and metaphysics
    and politics
  • Most relevant is Perpetual Peace
    (1795)
  • He argues that democracy, economic
    interdependence and international law
    and organisations would foster the
    conditions for perpetual peace - the
    Kantian tool or tripod
17
Q

What were the important events in the shift from dynastic to popular sovereignty?

A
  • The British Civl War 1642-1651
  • The American Revolution 1775-1783
  • The French Revolution 1789-1799
18
Q

What was the British Civil War?

A
  • 1642-1651
  • King Charles I
  • Oliver Cromwell
  • Actually considered three civil wars
  • Pitted forces of the Royalists and
    parliamentarians against each other
  • Other linked conflicts with Ireland
    and Scotland
  • King Charles I was executed in 1649
  • Ended with Parliamentary victory at
    Battle of Worcester
  • Republican Commonwealth of England
    1649-1653
  • Protectorate under Cromwell 1653-1658
  • Charles II returned from exile in
    1660 and declared King
  • Set England and Scotland’s course
    towards parliamentary monarch
19
Q

What was the American Revolution?

A
  • 1775-1783
  • Boston Tea Party 1773
    • No taxation without representaiton
    • Government was not holding up
      it’s side of the social contract
  • Battle of Lexington & Concord 1775
  • Drew in the interests of major
    european powers and ended up
    destabilising the balance of power
20
Q

What was the French Revolution?

A
  • 1789-1799
  • France under King Louis XVI
    (1754-1793)
    • King Louis XVI was crowned in 1774
    • Helped US rebels, who were
      successful but this aid led to
      substantial French debt and a
      financial crisis
    • Executed in 1973, quickly
      followed by his wife, Marie
      Antoinette
  • The National Constituent Assembly
    abolished feudalism and passed the
    “Declaration of the Rights of Man and
    of the Citizen” - 1789
    • Further defined the social
      contract
  • Legislative assembly declared war on
    Austria and Prussia - 1792
  • Bloody Reign of terror when suspected
    enemies of the revolution were
    guillotined - 1793-1794
  • New constitution which created
    bicameral legislature - 1795
  • Napoleon established as First Consul
    • 1799
21
Q

What did the influential thinkers during the shift from wars of religion to wars of ideology proclaim?

A
  • They helped shape an increasingly literate publics views of 1. the state’s role domestically and internationally and 2. the sources of sovereignty and legitimacy
  • Influenced democratic peace theory and supporters of constitutional republics