Germs of Ideology Flashcards

1
Q

Who were the germs of ideology?

A
  • Immanuel Kant
  • Edmund Burke
  • Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
  • Karl Marx
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2
Q

Who was Immanuel Kant?

A
  • 1724-1804 in Prussia, Konigsberg
  • Early proponent of the enlightenment
    “the maxim of always thinking for
    oneself”
  • His political essays champion reason
    and the freedom it requires and
    condones
  • Optimist - believed in the strength
    of reason, and envisioned a world in
    which all thought for themselves
    through it and lead to republics
  • Freedom
  • The Social Contract
  • ## Domestic Policy of Liberalism
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3
Q

What was Kant’s view of Freedom?

A

“There is only one innate right, Freedom (independence from being constrained by another’s choice), insofar as it can coexist with the freedom of every other in accordance with universal law”

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4
Q

What was the Domestic policy of Liberalism from Kant’s perspective?

A
- Any government that represents the
  united will of the people - not
  necessarily democracy
- An elected representative is fraught
  with problems
- Might does not make right
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5
Q

What does Kant question about IR?

A
- Kant asks how republics would act in
  IR
- Reason suggests giving up the
  realist/Machiavellian logic of war
  and forming a league of states that
  privileges unanimity over strength
- And bestowing a universal right of
  hospitality (not to be treated as an
  enemy)
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6
Q

What is the reaction to Kant?

A
- Kant is not the only pioneering
  liberal (Hobbes, Locke & Adam Smith)
- His work, however, provoked the
  philosophical reactions that lead to
  the consolation of the three main
  ideologies of the 20th Century
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7
Q

Who was Edmund Burke?

A
- 1729-1791 (Born in Ireland; British
  politician)
- Viewed the French Revolution as
  catastrophic - Reflections on the
  Revolution of France (1790)
- Burke's Conservatism
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8
Q

What was Burke’s Conservatism?

A
- Contrary to Kant, the French
  Revolution was a rupture of the
  social contract
- Property, tradition and community >
  civil freedoms
- Thought without the social fabric
  (religion), people would become
  immoral
- We are social animals and our
  identity depends upon our community
  and the communal ties of society -
  Not our reason
- A civil constitution designed by our
  limited reason should not supplant
  the moral, economic and political
  systems that have evolved over time
- The loss we suffer from upheavals of
  society is inestimable since society
  is so complex
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9
Q

Who Was Hegel?

A
  • 1770-1831, German
  • The French Revolution was a “glorious
    dawn” and Napoleon a “world soul”,
    which could prove to be a new epoch
    of freedom
  • Pioneer of Marxism
  • History is always moving forward
  • Epochs of History
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10
Q

What were Hegel’s Epoch’s of History?

A
  • Thesis - Antithesis - Fusion - New

Epoch

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11
Q

What were Hegels views on formal and substantive freedom?

A
- The French Revolution misjudged the
  zeitgeist - people were not ready for
  it (therefore was bloody)
- Being free to make choices does not
  constitute real freedom if we have
  limited option to choose between e.g.
  addiction, povery
- The free geist exists in an organic
  community where private and communal
  interest are in harmony
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12
Q

Who was Karl Marx?

A
  • 1818-1883, German
  • A down-to-earth Hegelian
  • The dialectic does not occur with the
    ‘spirit’ of the age, but in classes
    distinguished by their economic
    relation to the means of production
  • Is this historical materialism
    reductive?
  • Communism
    • The abolition of private property
    • Equal distribution of the means
      of production
    • Freedom is the ideal of
      self-sufficiency and the true
      expression of human nature
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