IPE and Globalisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is IPE?

A
  • International Political Economy
    • The economic dimension of IR
    • The relationship between states
      and markets, power and money,
      poltics and economics
    • Subdivision of IR that most
      directly addresses globalisation
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2
Q

From where do the liberal intellectual origins of IPE stem?

A
  • Adam Smith

* David Ricardo

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3
Q

Who was Adam Smith?

A
- (Wealth of Nations 1776):
  Founder of Liberal Political Economy
- The market as a spontaneous
  institutions to satisfy selfish needs
- The market is self-regulating and
  brings innovation and prosperity
- Market also beings stability: the
  ‘invisible hand’ synthesises the
  pursuit of self-interest into the
  common good
- ‘Nightwatchman’ (minimal) state
- Politics and economics separate and
  economics superior
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4
Q

Who was David Ricardo?

A
  • ‘Free Trade’
  • Division of labour
  • State unit of analysis
  • Countries should focus on exporting
    goods in which they have comparative
    advantage not self-sufficiency
  • Free trade leads to gains in
    efficiency
  • Trade and interdependence leads to
    peace and cooperation
  • Economics trumps politics
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5
Q

What are the mercantilistic intellectual origins of IPE?

A
  • Conservative variant of IPE
  • Largely the view of the landed
    aristocracy
  • Skeptical about the invisible hand
  • Order comes from the Leviathan (Hobbes, realist)
  • Politics and national interest trumps
    economics
  • Need for self-sufficiency
  • Problem: no Leviathan to regulate
    economic interaction between states
  • Reject free trade and interdependence
  • Free trade serves the interest of
    global hegemon: UK
  • States dominate markets and use them
    to further their interests
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6
Q

What are the marxist intellectual origins of IPE?

A
  • Market just one part of economy
  • Inequality and exploitation because
    the bourgeoise control means of
    production
  • The economy as a power regime
  • State exercises power for ruling class
  • The economic is political and vice
    versa
  • International economy a site of
    conflict and competition
  • Goal: emancipation of the working
    class
  • Possible because human nature is a
    social construct - determined by the
    historically-specific nature of
    capitalist society
  • Change society and humans change too
  • How to do this controversial
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7
Q

What are the historical origins of IPE?

A
- Political Economy splits into
  ‘politics’ and ‘economics’ in 20th
  century
- IR focuses on ‘high politics’ - ‘low
  politics’ left to economists
- ‘Golden Age’ of Capitalism
- Bretton Woods international system -
  IMF, World Bank, gold standard
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8
Q

What happened in the 1970s of importance in IPE?

A
  • 1971: US abandons gold standard
  • Tensions in the global economy
  • 1974: Global Recession undermined the
    power of the US
  • Two consequences:
    • Indicates that economic issues
      need to be taken seriously
    • Highlights growing
      interdependence between nations
  • Birth of IPE as a discipline
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9
Q

Describe the Realist IPE approach

A
  • Influence of Mercantilism
  • The world economy as an area of
    conflict between states
  • Dangers of the 1930s
  • Big question: systemic management
  • Breakdown of the post-WWII hegemonic
    system
  • Rober Gilpin’s hegemonic stability
    theory
    • World needs a hegemony to manage
      the world economy for good of all
    • Stability and order hard to attain
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10
Q

Describe the Liberal IPE approach

A
  • A much more cautious liberalism
  • States remain the main actors
  • Lack of international state leads to
    ‘market failure’: rational individual
    actions by states lead to irrational
    outcomes
  • Liberalism as ‘half-sibling’ of
    realism
  • Robert Keohane
  • Growing interdependence means states
    need to work together
  • Cooperation possible ‘after hegemony’
  • The crucial role of international
    institutions
  • Selfish desires of states can be
    tempered
  • Economics can influence state logic
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11
Q

Describe the Neo-Neo debate in regards to anarchy

A
  • Neorealism
    - Anarchy is systemic and
    determines the behaviour of states
  • Neoliberal
    - Anarchy is systemic but
    co-operation is also in state interest
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12
Q

Describe the Neo-Neo debate in regards to focus

A
  • Neorealism
    - Focus on security, survival and self help
  • Neoliberal
    - Focus on economy, human rights, global
    issues
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13
Q

Describe the Neo-Neo debate in regards to problem solving

A
  • Neorealism
    - How to create stability in the system
  • Neoliberal
    - How can institutions promote and
    support co-operation in an anarchical
    system?
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14
Q

Describe the Neo-Neo debate in regards to outlook

A
  • Neorealism
    - Pessimistic
  • Neoliberal
    - Optimistic
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15
Q

Describe the Neo-Neo debate in regards to level of analysis

A
  • Neorealism
    - State centric
  • Neoliberal
    - State centric
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16
Q

What is globalisation?

A

“The widening, deepening and spreading of world-wide interconnectedness”

17
Q

What is economic globalisation?

A
- The growing intensity, volume and
  speed of global interactions in
  trade, production and finance
- Leads to growing integration of
  national economics into single,
  global economy
- Across this economy trade, production
  and money move seamlessly and
  instantaneously
18
Q

What effect does economic globalisation have on trade?

A
  • New global division of labour
    • Manufacutring in advances and
      middle income countries
    • Services emerge as new global
      sector
    • Raw materials still mostly
      produced in Global South
19
Q

What effect does economic globalisation have on production?

A
  • No longer territorially bounded
  • Process broken up and stretched
    across border in search of efficiency
  • Rise of TNCs
  • Leverage over governments (TPP)
  • States serve their private sectors?
20
Q

What effect does economic globalisation have on finance?

A
- Integration of financial markets
  leads to a global financial market -
  across which money moves seamlessly
  and instantaneously
- Thomas Friedman ‘Electronic Herd’ -
  quick movements of money incentivises
  states to conform to norms of
  international system
- Great leverage for investors
- ‘Borderless World’
21
Q

Who are hyperglobalists?

A
  • Generally economic liberals
  • Globalisation the result of natural
    human desires to seek self-interest -
    Adam Smith
  • Greater mobility will lead to
    efficiency - cheaper goods for
    consumers and jobs in the Third World
  • Extending the benefits of capitalism
  • Global Village - democracy, human
    rights and peace
  • Final triumph of politics over
    economics
22
Q

What is the POLICY of Neoliberalism in regard to economic globalisation?

A
- Neoliberal reorganisation of society:
  unleashing the market and shrinking
  the state
- A return to classic liberalism of
  Smith and Ricardo
- Globalisation means economic truth
  and logics can no longer be ignored
- Future belongs to individuals
- Let the market mediate everything:
  need to diminish role of state
- Privatisaion, deregulation, liberalisation
- Shrinking of the welfare state
- Wealth would ‘trickle down'