Development, human security and humanitarian intervention Flashcards
What is Intervention?
“Forcible action taken by one state against another state, without the latter’s consent”
What are the processes of intervention?
- Diplomatic
- Economic
- Military
What is diplomatic intervention?
Mediation (and offers of mediation, international forums, recall of ambassadors, ex-Presidents, Catholic Church
What is economic intervention?
Either negative (sanction) or positive (financial aid)
What is military intervention?
Forceable action (or threat of) using military force, personnel and equipment
What are the main types of intervention?
- Humanitarian
* Peacekeeping
What is humanitarian intervention?
- “Military intervention that is carried out in pursuit of humanitarian rather than strategic objectives” - Often include elements of diplomatic, economic and military
What is peacekeeping?
“An operation involving military personnel, but without enforcement powers, undertaken by the UN to help maintain or restore international peace and security in areas of conflict”
What tensions arise from intervention?
Tension between human rights, states’ strategic self interest, and state sovereignty
What has been the general history of humanitarian intervention?
- Creation of the 90s
- Increasingly important in the
aftermath of Cold War - Easy to want to add humanitarian
justification for strategic
intervention (Iraq 2003) - Strategic interventions can also have
dramatic humanitarian implications
What kinds of peacekeeping are there?
- Traditional
* Multidimensional or Complex
What is traditional peacekeeping?
- Peacekeeping after a militarised
conflict
- e.g. UN mission to Golan Heights
between Israel and Syria since 1974
- Over 1000 UN troops currently
stationed there
- Since 2011, it has turned into a
complex mission after civil warWhat is multidimensional or complex peacekeeping?
- Combination of peacemaking and
peacebuilding
- e.g. MONACO peacekeeping mission to
DR Congo, 1999 - today
- Mandate: protect civilians,
personal and human rights
defenders under threat of
violence and support DRC
governmetn
- 20,000 uniformed personnel
- Annual $1.4 billion
- 86 total fatalitiesWhat are the motivations for intervention?
- Internal
- Instability within a large state
(civilian deaths, lack of state
capacity, peace agreement)
- Instability within a large state
- External
- Humanitarian interests overlap
with strategic interests- Us in Haiti, ’15-’34, ’94-‘99
- NATO in Kosovo, 1999
- Humanitarian interests overlap
- Media (CNN effect)
What about the world system affects how easily international consensus is reached regarding intervention?
US as only superpower made it easier to reach an international consensus about intervention
What are the moral and ethical challenged involved in intervention?
- Violating norms of state territorial and legal sovereignty - Moves states beyond just war theory, which focuses on self defence - Implies universality of human rights - Who has the authority to make these decisions? The UNSC? - Who has the responsibility to protect (R2P)?
What is R2P?
- Kofi Annan’s new norm
- 2000: African Union proposed a right
to intervene in it’s Constitutive Act - 2009: UN Secretary General report:
- A state has reposnsiblity to
protect its population against
genocide, war crimes, crimes
against humanity and ethnic
cleansing - International community has a
responsibility to help a state
observe its responsibility - If the state fails, the
international community has the
responsibility to intervene
- A state has reposnsiblity to
Summarise the effects of intervention
- Goals can be stability, regime-chance
and/or democratisation
- Change (decrease) in willingness for
intervention after Afghanistan and
Iraq
- Similar to UN 1992-4 intervention
in Somalia
- Both Afghani and Iraqi
interventions were in part
motivated by rhetoric of
humanitariasm
- US and allies drawn into larger
remaking of society rather than
more limited goals of
humanitarian crisis and getting
aid in
- Limited current desire for
intervention into complex cases like
Darfur, Zimbabwe, Mynammar and SyriaDescribe the Nato intervention in Libya
- Authorised by UN Security Council (2011)
- Libya had few allies or UNSC members
willing to veto - Credited with preventing large-scale
massacres in Benghazi region - Instability has persisted, however
Describe 2011-2015 in regards to Libya
- 2011 Feb - Benghazi protests over arrest of a human rights campaigner sparks civil war - 2011 Mar - No fly zone authorised by UN SC - 2011 Oct - Col. Gaddafi captured and killed - 2012 - 2014 efforts to try and end militia actives largely fail - 2014 Feb - civil war escalates - 2014 July - UN staff pull out - 2015 Feb - Egyptian jet bomb ISIS targets after ISIS beheads 21 Egyptian Christians
Describe the Syrian Civil War
- 2011 - now
- Syria has strong ally in Russia
- Multiple humanitarian interventions
boycotted in UNSC - Over 200,000 killed and millions (9)
displaced - Population 22.8 million in 2013
- Over 3.9 millions have become
refugees abroad and 6 million
internally displaced- Turkey: 1.7 million
- Lebanon: 1.2 million
