Treatment of Infections of the Cardiovascular System Flashcards
What pathogens are likely if IVDU
Staph aureus
Coagulase-negative staph
B-hemolytic strep
Fungi
aerobic gram-neg bacilli
What pathogens are likely if prosthetic or indwelling cardiac device
Staph aureus
coag-neg staph
Fungi
Aerobic gram-neg bacilli
What pathogens are likely if GU or gynecologic disorder including pregnancy and birth
Enterococci
Group B strep
Listeria mono
Aerobic gram-neg bacilli
Neisseria gonorrhea
What pathogens are likely if poor dental hygiene/dental procedure
strep viridians
HACEK
What pathogens are likely if chronic skin disorder/infection
staph aureus
B-hemolytic strep
What pathogens are likely if pneumonia or meningitis
strep pneumo
What pathogens are likely if GI complications
strep galloyticus
enterococci
What is the classification for endocarditis?
Duke criteria
Definite IE
pathological criteria (culture or pathologic lesions, or vegetation abscess)
Clinical criteria:
- two major
- one major and three minor
- five minor
Possible IE
One major criteria and one minor criteria
3 minor criteria
Major criteria
Positive blood culture with typical organisms - 2 obtained > 12 hours apart
>= 3 with first and last obtained at least 1 hour apart
Pos blood culture or IgG titer for Coxiella Burnetti
Endocardial involvement
Echocardiographic evidence of IE
Rejected
firm alternative diagnosis
resolution of IE syndrome with AB therapy less than 4 days
No pathological evidence of IE
Does not meet “possible” criteria
Minor criteria
predisposing heart condition or IVDU
Temperature >38C
Vascular phenomenon (Jawney lesions, mycotic aneurysms)
Immunological phenomenon (osler nodes, roth spots)
Pos blood culture not meeting major criteria
Antimicrobial therapy duration
- obtain 2 blood cultures every 24-48 hours until bacteremia has cleared
- Counting of AB therapy days starts the first day when blood cultures are negative
- Valve replacement performed and tissue cultures are positive = AB duration begins after surgery
- Empiric antibiotic therapy
What regimen should be used if native valve or late prosthetic valve (>=12 months post surgery)
- Penicillin G or Ampicillin
- Nafcillin or Oxacillin
- Gentamicin
What regimen should be used in the case of a severe B-lactam allergy
- Vancomycin
- Gentamicin
What regimen should be used if native valve with IVDU or evidence of R sided IE
- Vancomycin or Daptomycin
What regimen should be used if early prosthetic valve (<12 months post surgery)
- Vancomycin
- Gentamicin
- Rifampin
What can be used to determine specific pathogen therapy
- blood culture results
- intraoperative tissue obtained
How to treat viridians group strep and S. Gallolyticus if Penicillin MIC is <= 0.12
Penicillin G or Ceftriaxone for 4 weeks
- If uncomplicated native valve, 2 weeks and add Gentamicin
How to treat viridians group strep and S. Gallolyticus if Penicillin MIC is 0.12 - 0.5
- Penicillin G + Gentamicin OR
- Ceftriaxone +/- Gentamicin
P and C = 4 weeks, Gentamicin = 2 weeks
How to treat viridians group strep and S. Gallolyticus if Penicillin MIC is >=0.5
- Penicillin G OR
- Ceftriaxone + Gentamicin
P and C = 4 weeks, Gentamicin = 2 weeks
How long should treatment be if patient have a prosthetic valve?
6 weeks
What should be used in place of Pen G if B-lactam allergy
Vancomycin
How should S Pneumo be treated?
Penicillin OR Cefazolin OR Ceftriaxone
4 weeks
How should Penicillin resistant S Pneumo be treated
No meningitis - high dose penicillin OR 3rd generation cephalosporin
4 weeks
If meningitis suspected - Cefotaxime OR ceftriaxone
4 weeks
How to treat S pyogenes
Penicillin G OR Ceftriaxone
4-6 weeks
How to treat Group B, C, or G B-hemolytic strep
Penicillin G OR Ceftriaxone + Gentamicin
PCN and ceft = 4-6 weeks
Gentamicin = 2 weeks
How is methicillin susceptible staph with a native valve treated
Nafcillin OR Oxacillin
6 weeks (2 if uncomplicated R sided EC)
How is methicillin susceptible staph with a prosthetic valve treated
Nafcillin OR oxacillin +
Rifampin +
Gentamicin
V and R >= 6 weeks, Gent = 2 weeks
How is methicillin resistant staph with a native valve treated
Vancomycin OR Daptomycin
6 weeks
How is methicillin resistant staph with a prosthetic valve treated?
Vanc + rifampin + gentamicin
V and R >= 6 weeks, gent = 2 weeks
How are enterococci that are susceptible to penicillin and gentamicin treated
Ampicillin OR Pen G + Ceftriaxone
4-6 weeks
OR Ampicillin + Ceftriaxone
6 weeks
How to treat enterococci resistant to aminoglycosides or gentamicin
Ampicillin + Ceftriaxone
6 weeks
OR Ampicillin OR Pen G + Streptomycin
4-6 weeks
How to treat enterococci resistant to penicillin or penicillin allergy
Vancomycin + Gentamicin
6 weeks
How to treat enterococci resistant to Penicillin, Aminoglycosides and Vancomycin
Linezolid OR Daptomycin
>6 weeks
What are some common characteristics Right Sided IE
- Most common with IVDU
- Typically tricuspid
- Staph aureus predominant
What is the recommended empiric therapy for right sided IE and what specifically needs covered?
Staph:
Nafcillin OR Oxacillin OR Daptomycin + empiric coverage for MRSA
Uncomplicated - 2 weeks
Complications (renal failure, meningitis, MRSA) or use of vancomycin - Duration should be 4-6 weeks
What are the common organisms assoc. with infected implantable devices?
Staph or MRSA
What two things should be done in the case of an infected implant?
- Initiate empiric vancomycin to cover MRSA before…
- Complete hardware removal
Duration-at least 2 weeks after hardware removal for blood stream infections
4-6 weeks for complicated infections (endocarditis, osteomyelitis)
In what conditions is endocarditis prevention recommended?
- Prosthetic valve or valve material
- Previous IE
- Congenital heart disease
- Cardiac transplant with valvopathy
In what procedures is prevention of infective endocarditis recommended?
- Dental procedures with tissue involvement or mucosal perforation
- Invasive respiratory procedure with incision or biopsy of mucosa
- GI or GU procedure with established site of infection
- Surgical procedure on infected skin or surrounding tissue
- Cardiac surgery
What infective endocarditis prevention is recommended for adults getting a dental procedure with no penicillin allergy
Give 30-60 minutes before procedure:
1. Amoxicillin 2g PO x 1 OR
2. Ampicillin 2g IM or IV x1 OR
3. Cefazolin OR Ceftriaxone 1g IM or IV
What is the pediatric dosing for infective carditis prevention in pediatric patients?
Amoxicillin 50mg/kg PO x 1
Ampicillin 50mg/kg IM or IV x 1
Cefazolin or Ceftriaxone 50mg/kg IM or IV x 1
*Give 30-60 minutes before procedure
What can be given other than penicillin for endocarditis prevention (what is an equivalent)
May use equivalent dose of another first or second generation PO cephalosporin
What should be given to adults for EI prevention before dental procedures if they have a penicillin allergy
Cephalexin
Clindamycin
Azithromycin or clarithromycin
Cefazolin or Ceftriaxone
What should be given to children for EI prevention before dental procedures if they have a penicillin allergy
Same as adult options:
Cephalexin
Clindamycin
Azithromycin or clarithromycin
Cefazolin or ceftriaxone