Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fall 2024 > Random lists > Flashcards

Random lists Flashcards

1
Q

Etiology of incompetent heart valves

A

Carditis (rheumatic fever)
Valvular stenosis (previous endocarditis or calcium deposits)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Myocardial disorders that may cause cardiogenic syncope

A

HOCM
Myxoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Bradyarrhythmias that may cause cardiogenic syncope

A

Sick-sinus syndrome
Sinus bradycardia
High grade AV block
Pacemaker malfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias that may cause cardiogenic syncope

A

supraventricular tachycardia
atrial fibrillation w/ rapid response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ECG findings with supraventricular tachyarrhythmias

A

Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
Brugada syndrome
Long QT syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ventricular arrhythmias that may cause cardiogenic syncope

A

V-tach
Torsades de pointes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Valvular disorders that may cause cardiogenic syncope

A

Mitral stenosis
Aortic stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Vascular disease that may cause cardiogenic syncope

A

Myocardial infarction
Aortic dissection
Pulmonary hypotension
Pulmonary embolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

“low flow” states that may cause cardiogenic syncope due to hypotension

A

Advanced cardiomyopathy
CHF
Valvular insufficiency
Meds that decrease afterload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What types of heart issues can cause cardiac syncope? (Broad categories)

A

vascular disease
Valvular dysfunction
Arrhythmias
Myocardial disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What effect on the heart does HYPERKALEMIA cause

A

reduced myocardial excitability with depression of both pacemaking and conducting tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

EKG findings with HYPERKALEMIA

A

Peaked T waves
Prolonged PR segment
Broad P waves and QRS complexes
Loss of P waves
Bradycardia
spreads everything out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the effect of HYPOKALEMIA on the heart

A

myocardial hyper excitability with the potential to develop re-entrant arrhythmias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ECG findings of HYPOKALEMIA

A

T wave inversion & prominent U wave
Long QT interval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Effect of HYPERCALCEMIA on the heart

A

block the conduction pathways of electrical impulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ECG findings of HYPERCALCEMIA

A

Shortened QT interval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Effect of HYPOCALCEMIA on the heart

A

decreased myocardial contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ECG findings of HYPOCALCEMIA

A

Prolong QT interval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Effect of HYPERMAGNESEMIA on the heart

A

delayed conduction of electrical impulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

ECG findings of HYPERMAGNESEMIA

A

Prolonged PR interval
Wide QRS complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Effect of HYPOMAGNESEMIA on the heart

A

irregular contraction of ventricles leading to arrhythmias

22
Q

ECG findings of HYPOMAGNESEMIA

A

Depressed ST segment
Tall T waves
Torsades de pointes

23
Q

Pt with palpitation feels pulse, rhythm is normal but rate is tachycardic. Possible causes?

A

SVT or ventricular tachyarrhythmia

24
Q

Pt with palpitation feels pulse, rhythm is abnormal. Thoughts?

A

“extrasystole” - premature contractions and post-premature contractions often described as floppy

“ectopic beats” - end suddenly - beat that resumes sinus rhythm can be strong

Patient can be acutely aware of the onset and end of arrhythmias - often made treatable with “vagal maneuvers”

25
Q

Labs for patients with palpitations

A

CBC - anemia and infection
TSH
Electrolytes

26
Q

What should be checked for on physical exam for patients with palpitations

A

Evidence of valvular heart disease
Thyroid disease
Pulmonary disease

27
Q

Examples of palpitations due to cardiac arrhythmias and info about them

A

Tachyarrhythmias - can be assoc. with dizziness, near syncope or syncope; potentially lethal

PVC - “pounding” or “jumping” in heart when in quiet space or lying down

Heart valve abnormalities - 40% with MVP have palpitations

28
Q

What is not associated with palpitations

A

A fib, persistent tachy, anything constant and not acute change

29
Q

What are the sources of chest pain

A
  1. chest wall
  2. Back
  3. Lung
  4. Heart
  5. Aorta
  6. Esophagus
  7. Diaphragm
  8. Abdominal cavity
  9. Anxiety/psychological
30
Q

What are essential things to determine in the presence of chest pain complaint?

A
  1. Chest discomfort duration, onset, character, location, periodicity, and exacerbations
  2. SOB history
  3. Vital signs
  4. Chest and cardiac exam
  5. ECG
  6. Biomarkers of myocardial necrosis
31
Q

Serious causes of chest discomfort

A

Anxiety
PUD
GERD
Pneumonia
Pericarditis
Mallory Weis tear

32
Q

Lethal causes of chest discomfort

A

ACS
Aortic dissection
PE
Esophageal perforation
Tension pneumothorax

33
Q

Conditions that pose strong risk for CAD

A

SLE
RA
HIV

34
Q

What types of loud, rumbling murmurs may cause thrills

A

AS
PDA
VSD

35
Q

What sounds are best heard with the diaphragm?

A

S1
S2
AR/MR
PFR
OS and AS

36
Q

What sounds are best heard with the bell?

A

S3
S4
MS

37
Q

What heart sounds are paradoxically heard best with valsalva and wose with squatting/leg lifting

A

MVP
HOCM

38
Q

What should be ruled out if S3 if heard in a patient >40

A

CHF
MR

39
Q

What can cause the stiffening of the ventricle leading to S4?

A

Long-standing HTN
CAD
AS
Cardiomyopathy
more

40
Q

When is a pericardial friction rub heard/etiology

A

pericarditis
S/P MI

41
Q

Where is PFR best heard and what position

A

3rd ICS, LSB with diaphragm and patient leaning forward then to right and left

42
Q

Describe the ejection sound

A

early systolic sound as disease aortic valve opens (AS) - high-pitches, sharp, clicking quality

43
Q

Describe opening snap

A

diastolic sound as mitral valve opens (MS) - stenotic mitral valve

44
Q

Describe what determines venous jugular pressure

A

blood volume and the capacity of the right heart to eject blood into the pulmonary arteries

45
Q

What causes elevated JVP?

A

Heart failure
Restrictive pericarditis
Cardiac tamponade
Fluid overload - impaired renal function

46
Q

What are the causes of >10mm Hg difference in upper limb BPs

A

Coarctation of the aorta
Subclavian steal syndrome
Aneurysm of subclavian or innominate artery
Thrombosis of innominate or subclavian artery

47
Q

What are the causes of >20mm Hg difference between upper limb and lower limb

A

Coarctation of the aorta
Aortic dissection
Severe chronic aortic regurgitation
Inappropriate cuff size for thigh

48
Q

What are the causes of pulsus alterans

A

Large pericardial effusion
Left ventricular failure
Asthma

49
Q

What is the cause of paradoxical pulse and some conditions that cause it?

A

decreased blood flow to the left heart by lung hyperinflation causing increased pre-load to the right heart

Exacerbations of asthma and COPD
Pericardial tamponade
Tension pneumothorax

50
Q
A

Fall 2024 (34 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions