Trauma Norton Flashcards
how does one get a occipital impact
fall while awak
how does one get a frontal impact
fall while unconscous
what causes basal skull fractures
impact to occiput or sides
what bones make up the basilar skull
cribiform plate of ethmoid orbital plate of frontal temporal bone ( petrous and squamous portion) sphenoid bone occipital bone
what gets compromised in basilar skull fracture
lower cranial nerves
what are signs of a basilar skull fracture
orbital hematoma and mastoid hematoma
racoon eyes
basilar skull fracture is high risk for
meningeal tear - CSF leaks
epidural hematoma form middle meningeal artery
Battle’s sign ( basilar skull fracture)
- indication of fracture of middle cranial fossa of the skull, and may suggest underlying brain trauma
- bruising over the mastoid process
what is a cerebral concussion
altered consciousness following head injury
what is the gross or histologic abnormalities for cerebral concussion
NONE
what is the most common complaint for cerebral concussion
recurrent headache
what are some postconcussive syndromes
impaired concentration or minor neurologic symptoms
what is cerebral contusion
rupture of small vessels
cerebral contusion caused by what injuries
acceleration-deceleration injuries
coup- side impact
contrecoup: opposite side from impact
what is the morphology for cerebral contusion
early, hours, 24 hours old?
early: edema, hemorrhage
hours: bleeding throughout tissue
24 hrs: neuronal injury evidence
old: depressed, plaque
what is the most severe injury
cerebral laceration
high mortality
what is cerebral laceration
tear of cerebral tissue causing hemorrhage, subarachnoid or subdural
cerebral lacerations have what profound symptoms
neurologic dysfunction
where does bleeding occur for epidural hematoma
between dura and skull
what is the most common artery impacted in epidural hematoma
middle meningeal artery
what are symptoms of epidermal hematoma
variable unconsciousness then conscious up to several hours
- symptoms of Increased ICP
- -tentorial herniation
what happens in a tentorial herniation
3rd cranial nerve ( UNEQUAL pupils then fixed)
- compression of brain stem
- coma death
subdural hematoma is usually found in who and why?
elderly due to ATROPHY of brain
what vessels are impacted in subdural hematoma
bridging veins
what are clinical symptoms of subdural hematoma
within 48 hours
- slow increase of ICP
- epilaptic focus
- neurologic symptoms
- prolonged - dementia
name 3 things that cause spinal cord injuries
forces movement ( whiplash)
vertebral fractures
subluxations (partial dislocation of vertebra)
concussion, contusion, lacertion
quadriplegia ( paralysis of four limbs)
paraplegia (paralysis of legs and lower body)
