Trauma Norton

Question 1

how does one get a occipital impact

Answer 1

fall while awak

Question 2

how does one get a frontal impact

Answer 2

fall while unconscous

Question 3

what causes basal skull fractures

Answer 3

impact to occiput or sides

Question 4

what bones make up the basilar skull

Answer 4

cribiform plate of ethmoid
orbital plate of frontal 
temporal bone ( petrous and squamous portion)
sphenoid bone
occipital bone

Question 5

what gets compromised in basilar skull fracture

Answer 5

lower cranial nerves

Question 6

what are signs of a basilar skull fracture

Answer 6

orbital hematoma and mastoid hematoma

racoon eyes

Question 7

basilar skull fracture is high risk for

Answer 7

meningeal tear - CSF leaks

epidural hematoma form middle meningeal artery

Question 8

Battle’s sign ( basilar skull fracture)

Answer 8

• indication of fracture of middle cranial fossa of the skull, and may suggest underlying brain trauma
• bruising over the mastoid process

Question 9

what is a cerebral concussion

Answer 9

altered consciousness following head injury

Question 10

what is the gross or histologic abnormalities for cerebral concussion

Answer 10

NONE

Question 11

what is the most common complaint for cerebral concussion

Answer 11

recurrent headache

Question 12

what are some postconcussive syndromes

Answer 12

impaired concentration or minor neurologic symptoms

Question 13

what is cerebral contusion

Answer 13

rupture of small vessels

Question 14

cerebral contusion caused by what injuries

Answer 14

acceleration-deceleration injuries
coup- side impact
contrecoup: opposite side from impact

Question 15

what is the morphology for cerebral contusion

early, hours, 24 hours old?

Answer 15

early: edema, hemorrhage
hours: bleeding throughout tissue
24 hrs: neuronal injury evidence
old: depressed, plaque

Question 16

what is the most severe injury

Answer 16

cerebral laceration

high mortality

Question 17

what is cerebral laceration

Answer 17

tear of cerebral tissue causing hemorrhage, subarachnoid or subdural

Question 18

cerebral lacerations have what profound symptoms

Answer 18

neurologic dysfunction

Question 19

where does bleeding occur for epidural hematoma

Answer 19

between dura and skull

Question 20

what is the most common artery impacted in epidural hematoma

Answer 20

middle meningeal artery

Question 21

what are symptoms of epidermal hematoma

Answer 21

variable unconsciousness then conscious up to several hours

• symptoms of Increased ICP
• -tentorial herniation

Question 22

what happens in a tentorial herniation

Answer 22

3rd cranial nerve ( UNEQUAL pupils then fixed)

• compression of brain stem
• coma death

Question 23

subdural hematoma is usually found in who and why?

Answer 23

elderly due to ATROPHY of brain

Question 24

what vessels are impacted in subdural hematoma

Answer 24

bridging veins

Question 25

what are clinical symptoms of subdural hematoma

Answer 25

within 48 hours

• slow increase of ICP
• epilaptic focus
• neurologic symptoms
• prolonged - dementia

Question 26

name 3 things that cause spinal cord injuries

Answer 26

forces movement ( whiplash)
vertebral fractures
subluxations (partial dislocation of vertebra)
concussion, contusion, lacertion
quadriplegia ( paralysis of four limbs)
paraplegia (paralysis of legs and lower body)