Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

D&T2 Exam 1 > CNS trauma/Cerebrovascular disease Norton > Flashcards

CNS trauma/Cerebrovascular disease Norton Flashcards

1
Q

what essentials does the brain need

A

glucose and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is functional HYPOXIA

A

low inspired partial pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is ischemia

A
  • obstruction

- reduced perfusion pressure ( hypotension)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

survival of brain tissue depends on what 2 things

A
  • COLLATERAL circulation
  • duration of ischemia
  • how much the blood flow reduced
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what causes global cerebral ischemia

A

hypotension
hypoperfusion
low-flow state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

in global cerebral ischemia which neurons are most sensitive to ischemia and hypoglycemia

A

large pyramidal neurons
hippocampus
purkinje cells of cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In severe cases, survivors of global cerebral ischemia with severe imparimnets, absent reflexes, absent respiratory drive will what EEG

A

flat EEG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does the brain look like for global cerebral ischemia

A

brain is swollen

gyri widened

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

under the microscope what does global cerebral ischemia look like for early, subacute, repair?

A

early: red neurons
subacute: liquefactive necrosis, macrophages
repair: gliosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

under the microscope what does global cerebral ischemia look like generally

A

pseudolaminar necrosis

border zone infarcts ( watershed0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is pseudolaminar necrosis

A

uneven destruction /preservation of cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the most common location for border zone infarcts

A

b/w anterior and middle cerebral arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what causes focal cerebral ishcemia

A

obstruction of local blood flow

-embolism, thrombosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how can focal cerebral ischemia be modified

A

collateral flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what parts of the brain does not have collateral flow

A

thalamus
basal ganglia
deep white matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are two things that can cause thrombosis for focal cerebal ischemia

A

atherosclerosis

arteritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the most common area impacted by embolism

A

middle cerebral artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does the gross non-hemorrhagic morphology look like for focal cerebral ischemia

A

pale soft
boundary infarct distinct
liquefactive necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what does the microscopic non-hemorrhagic morphology look like for focal cerebral ischemia

A

red neurons
microglia
astrocytes enlarged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

morphology of focal cerebral ischemia hemorrhagic resembles what

A

non-hemorrhagic plus bleeding and resorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

focal cerebral ischemia can also be assoicated with what other occulsion

A

venous occlusion of superior sagittal sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what do lacunar infarcts affect

A

deep penetrating arterties/arterioles
basal ganglia
hemispheric white matter
brain stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what can CAUSE lacunar infarcts

A

arteriolosclerosis

lacunes (singe or multiple small cavity infarcts)

24
Q

what are some results of lacunar infarcts

A

lacunes (singe or multiple small cavity infarcts)
macrophages
gliosis

25
Q

what is slit hemorrhages

A

small hemorrhages which are resorbed

26
Q

what is the result of slit hemorrhage

A

slit-like cavity with brownish discoloration

27
Q

what are ACUTE symptoms for hypertensive encephalopathy

A 
headache 
confusion
vomiting
convulsions
sometimes coma
28
Q

when and why should hypertensive encephalopathy be treated

A

urgently to reduce increased ICP

29
Q

over what time period does hypertensive encephalopathy occur

A

OVER MONTHS

30
Q

infarcts occur in what part of the brain for hypertensive encephalopathy

A

gray and white matter

31
Q

hypertensive encephalopathy is also called what

A
  • vascular or multi-infarct dementia

- syndrome of dementia, gait abnormalities, pseudobulbar signs, neurologic deficits

32
Q

Binswanger disease

A

predominantly involves white matter for hypertensive encephalopathy

33
Q

where can an intracranial hemorrhage occur

A

ANY SITE

34
Q

what is intracerebral hemorrhage

A

spontaneous (non-traumatic) rupture of intraparenchymal vessel

35
Q

what is the most common cause of intracerebral hemorrhage

A

HYPERTESNION

36
Q

Charcot-Bouchard

A

aneurysms- most commonly in basal ganglia

37
Q

when due to hypertension where does intracerebral hemorrhage occur

A

putamen, thalamus, pons

rarely cerebral hemisphere

38
Q

when due to hypertension intracerebral hemorrhage the extruded blood compresses what and if you’re old what does it compress

A

parenchyma

CAVITY

39
Q

what can cause lobar hemorrhage for intracerebral hemorrhage

A

hemorrhagic diathesis
neoplasms
drug abuse, infections
amyloid angiopathy ( alzheimer’s)

40
Q

what can cause subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

rupture of Berry aneurysm

41
Q

what is another name for berry aneurysms

A

saccular aneurysm

“congenital aneurysm”

42
Q

what is the most common intracranial aneurysm

A

berry aneurysms

43
Q

90% of berry aneurysms are located in what part of ciruclation

A

anterior circulation

44
Q

what causes berry aneurysms? what increases risk

A 
unknown
- Ehlers-Danlos
smoking
hypertension
marfans
45
Q

are Berry aneurysms identifiable in new borns

A

no

46
Q

explain the wall of the berry aneurysm

A
  • muscular and intimal not apart of wall

- hylinzed intima, adventitia part of wall

47
Q

where does the vessel rupture for berry aneurysm

A

APEX

48
Q

what are signs and symptoms for berry aneurysm

A

sudden, excruciating headache

rapid loss of consciousness

49
Q

what happens in first rupture of berry aneurysm

A

25-50% die

-rebleeding in survivors is common

50
Q

what is the clinical feature for acute berry aneurysms

A

vasospasm from irritation of vessels by blood

51
Q

what is the late sequelae for berry aneurysm

A

meningeal fibrosis and scarring

obstruction to CSF flow and reabsorption

52
Q

when are arteriovenuous malformations detected and how

A

10-30 years
seizure disorder
intracerebral hemorrhage
subdural hemmorrhage

53
Q

what is the most common malformed artery

A

middle cerebral artery

54
Q

what is cavernous hemangioma

A

greatly distended, loosely organized vascular channels

- no intervening neural tissue

55
Q

where does cavernous hemangioma usually occur

A

cerebellum
pons
subcortical region

56
Q

where does capillary telangiectasia occur

A

pons

57
Q

what is the difference between capillary telangiectasia and cavernous hemangioma

A

intervening neural tissue on capillary telangiectasia

D&T2 Exam 1 (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions