Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

D&T2 Exam 1 > Intro CNS/Increased Intracranial pressure Norton > Flashcards

Intro CNS/Increased Intracranial pressure Norton Flashcards

1
Q

How rapidly do nuerons divide

A

they don’t

  • permanent
  • postmitotic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

name 3 things that cause acute neuronal injury

A

hypoxic/Ishcemic insult
infectious insult
toxic insult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what happens to neurons in acute neuronal injury

A
  • cell body shrinks
  • pyknoisis of nucleus
  • cytoplasm intensely eosinophilic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

pyknosis

A

chromatin condenses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what happens to neurons in subacute and chronic neuronal injury

A

death over long duration

- reactive gliosis - first sign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the process of axonal sprouting after axonal injury/transection

A
  • dispersion of Nissl substance to periphery (central Chromatolysis)
  • rounding-up
  • peripheral displacement of nucleus
  • cell death or recovery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what happens to the distal axon in axonal injury

A

degenerative changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

name 3 things that cause neural inclusions

A

aging
genetic disorders
viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does aging do to neuronal inclusions

A

intracytoplasmic lipofuscin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

where does herpes effect neurons

A

intranuclear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

where does rabies impact neurons

A

intracytoplasmic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where does CMV impact neurons

A

intranuclear and intracytoplasmic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Degenerative diseases deposit where in neuron

A

intracytoplasmic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do Alzheimer, parkinson, and Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease deposit into the neuron

A

Alzheimer: neurofibrillary tangles
Parkinson: Lewy Bodies
Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease: Abnormal vacuolization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name 4 types of Glial cells

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells
microglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

function of astrocyte

A

barrier function; gliosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

function of oligodendrocytes

A

form myelin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

function of ependymal cells

A

lines ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

function of microglia

A

fixed macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Astrocytes are found in which matter ( gray or white) in the brain

A

both gray and white matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is gliosis

A

non-neoplastic proliferation

  • indicates CNS injury
  • both hypertrophy and hyperplasia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Astrocytes have what fibers in them and describe them

A

Rosenthal fibers: think eosinophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how does astrocyte cellular swelling occur ? what disease is this

A

failure of PUMP in hypoxia, hypoglycemia, toxins, Creutzfeld-Jakob disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is corpora amylacea in astrocytes? what does it indicate and what is a risk factor

A
  • concentrically lamellated
  • indicates degenerative change
  • increases with age
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Alzheimer type II astrocyte is caused by what

A

hyperammonemia

26
Q

what can cause injury to Oligodendrocytes

A
  • in dymyelinating disorders

- viral nuclear inclusion may occur in Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy

27
Q

what virus may cause extensive ependymal injury

A

CMV

28
Q

microglia is derived from what embryology layer

A

mesoderm

29
Q

how does microglia respond to injury

A
  • proliferation
  • elongating nuclei: rod nuclei
  • aggregate around necrotic tissue
  • engulf dying neurons; neuronophagia
30
Q

define vasogenic edema

A

increased intercellular fluid

31
Q

what is the most common edema

A

vasogenic edema

32
Q

what is cytotoxic edema

A

increase intracellular fluid

33
Q

what type of injury would cause cytotixic edema

A

cell membrane injury ( ischemia)

34
Q

what kind of damage causes cerebral edema

A

capillary damage

  • disrupted blood-brain barrier
  • permeability of new vessels ( tumors )
35
Q

what would an autopsy of a brain of someone who had cerebral edema look like

A

brain is soft

  • widened gyri
  • compressed sulci
36
Q

what secretes the cerebrospinal fluid

A

choroid plexus

37
Q

what is the flow of the CSF

A

lateral ventricles

  • foramen of munro
  • 3rd ventricle
  • Cerebral aqueduct ( aqueduct of Sylvius)
  • 4th ventricle
  • foramina of Luschka and Magendie
  • Subarachnoid space
  • Superior sagittal sinus
38
Q

who and where does CSF get absorbed

A

arachnoid villi

superior sagittal sinus

39
Q

CSF is between what space in the layers of the brain

A

arachnoid and pia

40
Q

Hydrocephalus does what to ventricles

A

dilate them

41
Q

what causes hydrocephalus

A
  • obstruction of flow
  • failure of resorption
  • increased secretion: neoplasm of choroid plexus
42
Q

what happens in non-communicating hydrocephalus

A

CSF does not pass into subarachnoid space

43
Q

what are 2 congenital causes of non-communicating hydrocephalus

A

aqueductal stenosis or atresia

- Dandy-walker syndrome

44
Q

what are 4 acquired causes of non-communicating hydrocephalus

A
  • neoplasms and cysts
  • gliosis of aqueduct
  • obstruction of 4th ventricle opening
  • organized subarachnoid hemorrhage at base of brain
45
Q

how does communicating hydrocephalus occur

A

CSF flows out of ventricular system BUT

  • excess CSF
  • flow obstructed in subarachnoid space
  • reabsorption is reduced
46
Q

what are causes of communicating hydrocephalus

A
  • choroid plexus papilloma
  • deficient absorption of CSF
  • -dural sinus thrombosis
    • organized subarachnoid hemorrhage
    • organized meningitis
    • deficiency of arachnoid villi
47
Q

what happens in normal pressure hydrocephalus

A

slow dilation of ventricles due to cerebral atrophy

48
Q

what are clinical symptoms of normal pressure hydrocephalus

A
  • dementia
  • gait disturbance
  • incontinence
49
Q

what is the specific definition of increased intracranial pressure

A

CSF pressure greater than 200mmH2O in lateral decubitus position

50
Q

what can increased intracranial pressure cause

A

death from herniation

51
Q

what can cause increased cranial pressure

A

obstructive (non-communicating) hydrocephalus

52
Q

Supratentorial herniation is due to what? displaces what? compresses what?

A
  • unilateral expansion of cerebral hemisphere
  • displaces cingulate gyrus under falx cerebri
  • compresses anterior cerebral artery
53
Q

Transtentorial herniation occurs where

A

uncinate gyrus of temporal lobe through the tentorial opening

54
Q

what does transtentorial herniation compress? what can this cause

A

contralateral cerebral peduncle can cause duret hemorrhage may occur in midbrain and pons
- 3rd cranial nerve: unequal pupils

55
Q

where does Tonsillar herniation occur

A

cerebellar tonsils through foramen magnum

56
Q

what does Tonsillar herniation compress

A

medulla ( death)

57
Q

what can cause tonsillar herniation

A
  • increased intracranial pressure

- lumbar puncture done

58
Q

what are 3 clinical signs and symptoms for increased intracranial pressure

A
  • headache
  • vomiting
  • papilledema
59
Q

what procedure should not be done for someone who has increased intracranial pressure

A

NO LUMBAR PUNCTURE

60
Q

what are 2 physical ways ICP increased can be treated

A
  • remove mass
  • shunt
  • mechanical ventilation
61
Q

what chemicals can be used to treat cerebral edema

A

Mannitol

Corticosteroids

D&T2 Exam 1 (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions