Trauma Neurpath

Question 1

what artery usually affected in epidural hematoma?

Answer 1

middle meningeal

Question 2

what can the accumulation of blood in epidural space lead to in a hematoma?

Answer 2

mass effect

Question 3

what herniation can epidural hematoma cause?

Answer 3

transtentorial or uncal herniation

Question 4

what is the talk and die syndrome associated with?

Answer 4

epidural hematoma…it is lucid interval before lapsing into a coma

Question 5

where is subdural hematoma located?

Answer 5

in the space btw dura and arachnoid

Question 6

what is common cause of subdural hematoma?

Answer 6

tearing of bridging vein from inertial forces

Question 7

how does minimal head trauma sometimes cause subdural hematoma?

Answer 7

patients with predisposing factors like atrophy, alcoholism, anticoag therapy can lead to predilection for subdural hematoma

Question 8

what are four predisposing factors for subdural hematoma?

Answer 8

brain atrophy
anticoag treatment
alcoholism
recurrent falling

Question 9

are subdural or epidural more common hematomas?

Answer 9

subdural

Question 10

what are the two main types of subdural hematoma?

Answer 10

acute and chronic

Question 11

what is timeframe for acute subdural?

Answer 11

within 3 days

Question 12

what is time frame for chronic subdural hematoma?

Answer 12

many weeks

Question 13

how does a chronic subdural hematoma progress?

Answer 13

have acute hematoma that forms and clots off then macros come to clean up and leave weak vessels that then rebleed and build up with minor traumas

Question 14

what does the acute subdural hematoma get covered by that can lead to chronic?

Answer 14

fibrovascular membranes

Question 15

what usually causes subarachnoid hemorrhage?

Answer 15

trauma

Question 16

what is a brain contusion?

Answer 16

cortical hemorrhage

Question 17

what is cause of cortical hemorrhage/brain contusion?

Answer 17

surface of brain contacts the bony protuberances on the underside of the frontal and temporal lobes

Question 18

what accompanies the brain hemorrhage in contusions?

Answer 18

necrosis

Question 19

what are the common locations for contusions of the brain?

Answer 19

inferior frontal gyri, frontal and temporal poles and cortex above and below the sylvian fissure

Question 20

what are the two types of contusions?

Answer 20

coup and countercoup

Question 21

what is a coup contusion?

Answer 21

contusion is at site of impact

Question 22

what is a countercoup contusion?

Answer 22

contusion is at site opposite of impact

Question 23

coup contusions are common with what type of trauma?

Answer 23

blow to head

Question 24

countercoup contusions are common with what type of trauma?

Answer 24

falls

Question 25

inertial forces can cause what type of issue in the brain?

Answer 25

diffuse axonal injury and diffuse vascular injury…leading to diffuse brain injury

Question 26

what is the type of strain that leads to diffuse brain injuries from interial forces?

Answer 26

mechanical strain on axons and vessels

Question 27

what is a diffuse axonal injury?

Answer 27

diffuse shearing of axons following traumatic brain injury

Question 28

what is result of diffuse axonal injury?

Answer 28

often leads to coma…following a TBI

Question 29

how do axons appear on histo following diffuse axonal injury?

Answer 29

axonal swellings appear with retraction bulbs

Question 30

what is CTE?

Answer 30

chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Question 31

what lobes are preferred in CTE?

Answer 31

frontal and temporal

Question 32

what happens in the brain tissue with CTE?

Answer 32

atrophy of cerebral hemis and cerebellum

Question 33

shaken baby syndrome presents with what triad?

Answer 33

acute encpehalopathy, subdural hematomas, retinal hemorrhages

Question 34

name the two complications associated with calvarial skull fracture

Answer 34

middle meningeal artery rupture…epidural hematoma

contusion of underlying brain tissue

Question 35

name two complications of basilar skull fracture

Answer 35

CSF leak from nose or ear, meningitis risk

risk of tearing cranial nerves or pituitary stalk

Question 36

name 4 findings in CTE

Answer 36

atrophy of mamillary bodies
ventriculomegaly
substantia nigra pallor
thin corpus callosum

Question 37

what are common symptoms of CTE?

Answer 37

emotional lability, personality change, memory impaired, dementia, cerebellar impairment, aggression, poor judgement, suicide