Neuropath Intro Flashcards
what is the pink background of gray matter called?
neuropil
what cell is high density in white matter of brain?
oligodendrocytes
name two cells in white matter of brain
oligodendrocytes and astrocytes
what is a stain used to see astrocytes?
GFAP
how do astrocytes and oligodendrocytes appear in a GFAP stain?
astrocytes brown and oligo with halo
what is stain used to see axons in white matter?
silver stain
what is stain used to see myelin around axons?
luxol fast blue stain
how do leptomeninges usually appear on specimen of brain
clear and translucent
what does the arachnoid layer look like on histo slide?
pink area with lots of cells collected
what does the pia mater look like on histo slide?
small thin layer
axonal injury leads to distal degeneration how quickly?
within 24 hours
2-3 days after axonal injury what cell type is there?
microglia
what do microglia do in axon injury site?
phagocytosis of degenerating myelin etc
what cell proliferates around the microglia in an axon injury?
astrocytes
what happens to astrocytes at axon injury over the next few weeks?
get hypertrophied and then lose the hypetrophy and lead to fiber filled astrocytes
what is it called when you have fiber filled astrocytes following axonal injury?
glial scar…fibrillary gliosis
what are the two main types of hydrocephalus?
non communicating and communicating
what is non communicating hydrocephalus?
obstruction is within ventricle system
what is communicating hydrocephalus?
obstruction is within subarachnoid space or arachnoid villi
what is hydrocephalus ex vacuo?
ventriculomegaly resulting from loss of brain tissue
what is most common cause of hydrocephalus ex vacuo?
alzheimers
name five things that commonly cause hydrocephalus
dandy walker chiari II aqueductal stenosis post inflamm/hemorrhagic state tumors
breakdown of the BBB leads to what issue with capillaries?
increased capillary permeabilityt
increased capillary permeability leads to what in brain extracellular space?
increase in extracellular protein and edema
where does extracellular edema mainly focus in brain tissue?
white matter
name three types of brain edema
vasogenic
cytotoxic
interstitial
what is vasogenic brain edema?
extracellular edema due to increased permeability of BBB
where does vasogenic brain edema mainly accumulate?
white matterr
what is cytotoxic brain edema?
intracellular edema due to osmotic imbalance between cell and extracellular
where does cytotoxic brain edema mainly accumulate?
gray matter
what is interstitial brain edema?
extracellular brain edama in periventricular white matter
what causes interstitial brain edema?
transependymal flow of CSF in hydrocephalus
if ICP increases, what happens to the Cerebral perfusion pressure?
it decreases…can lead to ischemia
how is increased ICP noted clinically?
headache, vomiting, nausea, papilledema
what is papilledema?
swelling of the optic disc
name five causes of increased ICP
mass lesion hydrocephalus diffuse brain edema obstruction of major dural sinus idiopathic intracranial hypertension
