Neuropath Intro Flashcards

1
Q

what is the pink background of gray matter called?

A

neuropil

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2
Q

what cell is high density in white matter of brain?

A

oligodendrocytes

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3
Q

name two cells in white matter of brain

A

oligodendrocytes and astrocytes

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4
Q

what is a stain used to see astrocytes?

A

GFAP

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5
Q

how do astrocytes and oligodendrocytes appear in a GFAP stain?

A

astrocytes brown and oligo with halo

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6
Q

what is stain used to see axons in white matter?

A

silver stain

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7
Q

what is stain used to see myelin around axons?

A

luxol fast blue stain

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8
Q

how do leptomeninges usually appear on specimen of brain

A

clear and translucent

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9
Q

what does the arachnoid layer look like on histo slide?

A

pink area with lots of cells collected

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10
Q

what does the pia mater look like on histo slide?

A

small thin layer

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11
Q

axonal injury leads to distal degeneration how quickly?

A

within 24 hours

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12
Q

2-3 days after axonal injury what cell type is there?

A

microglia

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13
Q

what do microglia do in axon injury site?

A

phagocytosis of degenerating myelin etc

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14
Q

what cell proliferates around the microglia in an axon injury?

A

astrocytes

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15
Q

what happens to astrocytes at axon injury over the next few weeks?

A

get hypertrophied and then lose the hypetrophy and lead to fiber filled astrocytes

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16
Q

what is it called when you have fiber filled astrocytes following axonal injury?

A

glial scar…fibrillary gliosis

17
Q

what are the two main types of hydrocephalus?

A

non communicating and communicating

18
Q

what is non communicating hydrocephalus?

A

obstruction is within ventricle system

19
Q

what is communicating hydrocephalus?

A

obstruction is within subarachnoid space or arachnoid villi

20
Q

what is hydrocephalus ex vacuo?

A

ventriculomegaly resulting from loss of brain tissue

21
Q

what is most common cause of hydrocephalus ex vacuo?

A

alzheimers

22
Q

name five things that commonly cause hydrocephalus

A
dandy walker
chiari II
aqueductal stenosis
post inflamm/hemorrhagic state
tumors
23
Q

breakdown of the BBB leads to what issue with capillaries?

A

increased capillary permeabilityt

24
Q

increased capillary permeability leads to what in brain extracellular space?

A

increase in extracellular protein and edema

25
Q

where does extracellular edema mainly focus in brain tissue?

A

white matter

26
Q

name three types of brain edema

A

vasogenic
cytotoxic
interstitial

27
Q

what is vasogenic brain edema?

A

extracellular edema due to increased permeability of BBB

28
Q

where does vasogenic brain edema mainly accumulate?

A

white matterr

29
Q

what is cytotoxic brain edema?

A

intracellular edema due to osmotic imbalance between cell and extracellular

30
Q

where does cytotoxic brain edema mainly accumulate?

A

gray matter

31
Q

what is interstitial brain edema?

A

extracellular brain edama in periventricular white matter

32
Q

what causes interstitial brain edema?

A

transependymal flow of CSF in hydrocephalus

33
Q

if ICP increases, what happens to the Cerebral perfusion pressure?

A

it decreases…can lead to ischemia

34
Q

how is increased ICP noted clinically?

A

headache, vomiting, nausea, papilledema

35
Q

what is papilledema?

A

swelling of the optic disc

36
Q

name five causes of increased ICP

A
mass lesion
hydrocephalus
diffuse brain edema
obstruction of major dural sinus
idiopathic intracranial hypertension