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Biology > Transport System > Flashcards

Transport System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Atrial systole process

A

Contract of atira, ventricle relax

Contract forces AV valve open and blood flows out of the atria and into the ventricle

Pressure in the atria is greater than in the ventricle so blood is forced out

AV open
SL close

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2
Q

Ventricle systole

A

Pressure in the ventricle increases and the SL open and AV close to prevent back flow to the atria

Thus allowing blood to leave the left ventricle through the aorta and right ventricle through the pulmonary artery

  • ventricle haev very thick muscular wall compares to teh muscular walls in the attia therefore is able to contract with a greater force generating a greater pressure
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3
Q

Diastole process

A

-atria and ventricle relax

Elastic recoil of the heart lowers the pressure insdie the heart chamebrs and blood is drawn from the arteries and vein

SL close in the aorta and pulmonary arteries preventing backflow

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4
Q

Erthrocytes (RBCs)

Properties and structure

A

Contain haemoglobin

  • red pigment
  • carry oxygen
  • bone marrow
  • immature RBC - has nucleus

Mature RNC - no nucleus
More soace for haemoblobin

Biconcave disc shape = large SA:V ratio so they can diffuse rapidly

No nucleus - more space for haemoglobin to carry oxygen

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5
Q

Leycocytes (WBCs)

A

Much larger than RBCs

Bone marrow

Can squeeze through tiny blood vessel because they can change shape

Defend against infection

Contains nucleus & colourless cytoplasm

Inflammatory respinse when in area of tissue is damaged

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6
Q

Platelets

A

Platelets are tiny fragments of large cell called “megakaryocytes”

Bone marrow

—> involved in blood clotting

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7
Q

Transport of oxygen

A

1) due to the structure of haemoglobin it is difficult for the first oxygen molecule to bind o haemoglobin
2) once the first oxygen molecule binds to the haemoglobin , the Hb undergo a conformational change making it easier for further or following O2 molecule to bind
3) Although the structure of Hb makes it easier for the 4th molecule of O2 to bind, the curve is shallow as there is only one binding site available and therefore is less possibility that the O2 molecule will bind

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8
Q

How does partial pressure of oxygen affect oxygen-haemoglobin binding

A

As partial pressure of oxygen increases, the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen also increases, so oxygen bind tightly to haemoglobin. When partial pressure is low oxygen is released from hawmoglobin

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9
Q

State 3 ways that CO2 is transported in the blood

A

Carbaminohaemoglobin

Dissolved in plasma

As hydrogencarbonate ions (HCO3-) from the dissociation of carbonic acid

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10
Q

Explain the transport of CO2

A

CO2 dissolved in blood slowly react with water forming H2CO3 carbonic acid catalysed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase

Carbonic acid dissociates to give hydrogen ions and hydrogencarbonate ions

Haemoglobin acts as a buffer accepting the hydrogen ions to form haemoglobinic acid to avoid changing the pH of the blood

Hydrogen carbonate ions pass put of the red blood cells by diffusion, and chloride ions move in

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11
Q

Explain bohr effect

A

As partial pressure of CO2 increases, the condition becomes acidic causing haemoglobin to change shape. The affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen therefore decreases, so oxygen is released from haemoglobin

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12
Q

Effect of CO2 in bohr effect

A

CO2 increases

Lower pH

  • haemoglobin undergo conformational change
  • affects the tertiary structure

Reduces affinfity for O2

O2 dissociates -binds less easily

Respiring tissue

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13
Q

Decrease in Co2 in bohr effect

A

Decrease CO2

Higher pH

Increase affinity

Readily binds with O2
-lungs
(Eg fetal haemoglobin)

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14
Q

Fetal haemoglobin

A

A fetus depends on oxygen from its mother. The blood of fetus contain fetal haemoglobin -> it has higher affnity than adult haemoglobin

Thus fetal haemoglobin can remove oxygen from maternal blood even when the proportion of oxygen is relatively low

Haemoglobin present in the fetus has higher affnity as it needs to be better at absorbing oxygen because by the time oxygen reaches the placenta the oxygen saturation of teh blood has decreased

  • higher affinity as it needs to bind O2 in lower partial pressure
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15
Q

Define atherosclerosis

A

A disease caused by build up of plaque wihtin arteries which narrows them leading to ehart attck and strokes

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16
Q

Define cardiovascular disease

A

Disease of the heart and circulatory system many of which linked to atheroscelrosis

17
Q

Atherosclerosis process

A

1) the endothelium lining of arterie is damaged for instacne by hihg cholesterol levels , smoking or high blood pressure
2) this increase the risk of blood clotting in teh artery and lead to an inflammatory response casuing white blood cells to move into the artery

Over time white blood cell, cholesterol , calcium salts and fibre build up and ahrden leadning to plaque formation

4) the build up of fibrous plaque leads to narrowing of the artyery and restrict blood flow thus increasing the blood pressure which in turn damages the endothelial lining and the process is repeated

18
Q

Why does the blood need to clot

A

Prevent blood loss
Prevent entry of harmful bacteria
Provides a framewoek for repair

19
Q

Function of serotonin

A

Causes the smooth muscle of the blood vessel to contract. This narrows the blood vessel, cutting off the blood flow to the damaged area

20
Q

What is the vitimin K for

A

Important for compound needed for blood to clot

21
Q

Blood clotting process

A

1) thromboplastin catalyze the conversion of large soluble prothrombin convert into thrombin with the presence of calcium ions
2) thrombin catalyze the conevrsion of fibronogen into a insoluble fibrin
3) fibrin forms a mesh to cover the wounds
4) mroe platelets adn red blood cells get trapped in the fibrin mesh forming a clot

5)

22
Q

How can CVD lead to heart attack

A

Obstruction of a coronary artery due to an atheroma or blood clot

Result in loss of blood supply to an area of heart muscle

This cause death of cells and leads to a heart attack

23
Q

Factors that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease

A 
Genetics
Age
Gender
Diet -salt , high cholesterol
High blood pressure
Smoking
Physical inactivity
Obesity
24
Q

Gene affect CVD

A

Some allele increase the risk of CVD , these are inherited from family members

25
Q

Age affect CVD

A

Arteries become less elastic eith age which increase blood pressure &risk of blood vessel damage

26
Q

Gender affect CVD

A

Women have hihg HDL levels reducing risk of atheroma due to higher levels of oestrogen levels

Increase blood flow to the muscle

27
Q

Execerise affect CVD

A

Improves blood circulation -> decrease CVD

Increase HDL levels help lower LDLs

Maintain healthy weight

Lower exercise cause heart to be inefficient as cardiac output is reduced

The heart rate increases and artery walls become less elastic

28
Q

Smoking affect CVD

A

Nicotine - stimulate production of hormones
-increase heart rate - increase blood pressure

Reduce HDL levels
-CO increase deposition of cholesterol in atheroma formation

-content in smoke (eg free redicals) which get into blood stream can damage endothelium lining of blood vessel promoting atherosclerosis

-smoking decreases the amount of antixidant in the blood ( important for protecting the cell)
—> fewer antixiodant causes cell damage in the artery walls
—> atheroma formation

29
Q

Diet HDL

A

-unsaturated fats, protein and cholesterol

Cholesterol transport to the liver to be broken

  • reduce cholesterol blood levels
  • also help to remove fatty plaque
  • preventing cholesterol deposition
30
Q

LDL CVD

A

Saturated fats , proteins and cholesterol

Circulate in blood stream
Not taken up by the body cells
So cholerterol level high
Get deposited in artery walls leading to atheroma
Thus atheroscerosis
Narrow arteries
Reducing blod flow
31
Q

Salt affect CVD

A

High salt diet cause kidney to retian too much water

Higher fluid content in blood increase blood volume
—> increase blood pressure
-> risk of CVD

32
Q

Alcohol

A

Decrase blood flow to muscle this could lead to CVD increase blood pressure by constricting arteries

Calories rich -> obesity

Biology (27 decks)

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