Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Biodiversity

A

It is the number of known specie in a habitat

It is also the variety of allele within a population

It can be measured by looking at genetic diversity between individuals of one specie and between species

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2
Q

Define specie richness

A

The number of different species in an area

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3
Q

Define relative specie abundance

A

The relative number of species in an area

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4
Q

Define Endemic specie

A

Is a specie that is only found in one place and evolved due to geographical location

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5
Q

Define biodiversity hotspot

A

An area with a particulary high level of biodiversity

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6
Q

Why they have rich biodiversity

A
  • stable ecosystem allows many complex relationships to develop between species
  • high levels of productivity (when photosynthesis rates are very high) can support more niches
  • when organism can grow and reproduce rapidly, it is more likely that mutation occur, leading to adaptions which allow organism to exploit more niche
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7
Q

Diversity index formula

A

D= N(N-1)/ sum( n(n-1) )

D= diversity index
N= the total number of organism of all species
n = the total number of organism of each individual species - the abundance of different species

Sum - n(n-1)

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8
Q

Heterozygosity index formula

A

Heterozygosity index = number of heterozygotes / number of individual in the population

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9
Q

What does high heterozygosity index mean

A
  • the higher the heterozygosity index the higher the diversity i.e. there is hgiher variety of alleles in the population

More variation in a population means they are more likely to survive environmental change

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10
Q

Define allele frequency

A

The frequency with which a particular allele appears within a population

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11
Q

Define population

A

A breeding group of individuals of the same species occupying a particular habitat and a particular niche

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12
Q

Define gene pool

A

The sum total of all the genes in a population at a given time

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13
Q

Define selection pressure

A

The effect of one or mroe environmental factors that determines whetehr an organism will be more or less successful at surviving and reproducing: selection pressure drives speciation

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14
Q

Gene and allele frequency

A

Mutation can increase the gene pool of a population by increasing the number of different allele available

If a mutation results in an advantageous feature , the allele will be selected for and so increase in frequency in the population

If the mutation is disadvantageous, natural selection will sometime result in its removal from the gene pool

The changes in allele frequency due to natural selection may lead to new species emerging

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15
Q

Define anatomical adaption

A

Involve form and structure of an organism

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16
Q

Define physiological adaptation

A

Adaptation involving the way the body of the organism works, including differences in biochemical pathways or enzyme

17
Q

Define behavioural adapatation

A

Adaptation involving programmed or instinctive behaviour making organism better adapted for survival

18
Q

Hardy - weinberg equation

A

P^2 + 2Pq+ Q^2 = 1

P+q = 1

19
Q

Condition of the hardy - weinberg equilibrium

A
  • there are no mutation
  • there is random mating
  • the population is large
  • the population is isolated
  • there is no selection pressure
20
Q

Why is biodiversity important ?

A

Interdependent - rich biodiversity allows large - scale ecosystems to function and self regulate, but it also means that large- scale ecosystem are interlinked, so if biodiversity decreases in one ecosystem, the natural balance may be destroyed in another ecosystem

Purification - biodiversity means the ecosystem will have many type of plants and decomposer. Plants clean the air and water by in-taking CO2 for photosynthesis, and decomposers breakdown dead matter and make it non-toxic in order to clean the environment

Rainwater and natural disaster -plants absorb a lot of water from the soil and then release it into the environment through the transpiration stream by evaporation, which produces cloud which produces rain elsewhere. Plants root also hold the soil togther , which affects how water run off or is absorbed by the soil, which reduces the risk of flooding

Genetic diversity- this allows us to cross-breed and cross-pollinate plants as well as genetically engineer them to produce improved version of specie. Plant biodiversity also provide the potential of plants to produce chemical which are important in improving the excellence of life

21
Q

Process of natural selection (MRSA)

A
  • random mutation rise to new allele
  • due to selection pressurefrom the environment individual with beneficial allele are more likely to survive and reproduce and pass on their advantageous allele
  • the process repeats over many generation
  • the frequency of advantagneuous allele therefore increase in the population
22
Q

In situ

A

Conserving a specie in its natural environment

  • control of specie introduction
  • protecting habitats
  • restoring damaged areas
  • promoting particular species
  • legal protection

protected areas

23
Q

Advantages

A

Conserve the specie and the habitat

Less disruptive

Greater chance of a population recovering

24
Q

Disadvantages

A

Can be difficult to control

25
Q

Exists

A

Conserving a speice outside its natural environment

  • relocating
  • breeding
  • Botanic Gardens
  • seed banks
26
Q

Advantages

A

Controlled environment
Reintroduction species

Small number

Difficult
Expensive
Less successful

27
Q

Explain the term endanger specie

A
28
Q

Why is the loss of biodiversity a concern

A

Loss of organism

Removal of pollinators

Damage to food chain

29
Q

Suggest why they are endangered

A
Habitat destruction 
Hunting
Poaching
Pollution
Disease
30
Q
A

Illegal to kill rhino

Ban on trade

Increased cooperation

Education

Permits issued