Conservation Flashcards
Define conservation
Maintaining and protecting a living and changing environment
Advantages of zoos
Breeding to boost numbers in the wild
May save organism from extinction
Provide protection from predators
Education of local population and guidance for national parks (this help to maintain natural habitat)
If natural habitat are maintained woth assistance from the zoo/national parks, then species can be reintroduced
Can monitor and maintain the genetic diversity of the species
Protected, properly fed , given veterinary attention
Disadvantages of zoo
Hard to recreate natural habitat in zoos
Re-introduction doesnt always work
There not enough space in zoos for all endangered species
Difficult to breed some species
Captively bred animals may not able to survive in the wild
Small zoo population mean a small gene pool
Cruel act to keep the animals trapped
Define Ex-situ conservation
The conservation of components of biological diversity outisde their natural habitat
Define in-situ conservation
The conservation of ecosystem and natural habitat, and the maintence and recovery of viable population of species in their natural surroundings
Technique used in ex-situ conservation
DNA analysis
Technique used
-insert embryo into surrogate mothers
- enhance ovulation (FSH)
- transfer embryos (between population)
- donor sperm (from other zoos)
- artificial insemination
Adcanatges of ex-situ conservation
Increase genetic diversity
Predators are eliminated
Some ex-Situ conservation can bring in money from tourism to help cover conservation cost
Ex-Situ observation sites can be used for education
Close monitoring and scientific investigation are much easier as there are fewer uncontrolled variable
Eliminates predators
Involves reintroduction of several organism that have their natural habitat
Assist in breeding animals
Somatic cloning
Monitor mother and foetus
Provide woth proper care
Genetic records to prevent in breeding
Disadvantages ex-situ conservation
-behavioral and genetic problems
Limited space and limited budgets
Hard to recreate the natural habitat
Reintroduction into their habitat may be difficult as the animals will not be sued to the environment and may be less likely to survive
Genetic diversity will be significantly lowered in captive population
Ex Situ are expensive to maintain
Animals may behave differently which might make breeding programs difficult
- large animals draw customers so these focus, smaller rare animals are not given attention
- behavior crucial to reintroduction is not learned from foster parents
- stress often result in low breeding
- in small population an individual may reject the mate
Define captive breeding programme
Programme where individuals of an endangered species are bred in zoos and parks in an attempt to save the species from extinction and if possible to reintroduce them to their natural wild environment
Explain why is it easier to conserve plant biodiversity than animal biodiversity
Plants can be conserved as seeds. Plants make many seeds, so collecting a few does not harm population numbers. When cooled and dried, most seeds will last several hundred years. If not seeds, tissue cultures can be conserved that will produce more plants when desired. These techniques do not take up much space and are not very expensive.
Animals are much harder to conserve. DNA is being conserved but so far, we have no way of bringing that back into being a living animal. Conserving and breeding whole animals is very expensive, takes up a lot of space and is very time consuming.
Advantageous captive breeding and reintroduction programme
Advantages:
• It helps save some of the rarest animals and plants.
• Some species have been saved from extinction and returned to the wild.
• Genetic variety can be maintained as much as possible to support captive breeding and wildpopulations.
Disadvantage of captive breeding anf reintrofuction programme
Disadvantages:
• Ecosystems, once lost, may never be restored – animals may not have somewhere to return to so reintroduction to the wild becomes impossible.
• Animals are expensive to keep.
• It is difficult to provide the right conditions for breeding.
• Animals bred and fed in captivity may be unable to adapt to life in the wild.
• Expensive reintroduction programmes may fail.
• Award marks for any other sensible points.
What are seed banks and how does it help
Store huge humber of different species of plants seeds in hopes of helping in their preservation and to conserve endangered plant species , the seeds can be used to regrow dpecies that have become extinct in the wild
The seed banks also help conserve genetic diveristy by storing many seeds with different allele of the same species
Advanatges of seed banks
Cheaper than storing fully grown plants
Lots of seeds can be stored in a small space
Less manual labor is needed
Preserve genetics of wild plants in case existing crops die out
Dont harm existing plants wehn collected
Seeds can be stored anywhere cool and dry, conditions of grtowth from natural habitat are hard to recreate
Seeds are less likely to be damaged by disease or natural disasters
Disadvanatges of having seed banks
Testing for viability is expensive and time consuming
It too expensive to sotre and test all types of seeds regulary
Its difficult to collect seeds from some plants that grow in remote locations
Some seeds cant be stored so may need to conserve in field gene banks which take up lots of space and time
Advantages to reintroduction of animals to the wild
- it help save some of the rarest animals and plants
- some species have been saved from extinction and returned to the wild
- genetic variety can be maintained as much as possible to support captive breeding and wild population
Increase population number in the wild
—> help conserve their numbers in the wild and stop them from being endangered
Why do we need method of conservation
Pollution from human bodily waste
Agriculture for growing food
Activities such as driving leading to global warming
Using biological resources for clothing, medicine, food water m building material
How do zoos help with conservation
Provide captive breeding programs that involves allowing animals to breed under controlled environment, animals that are endangered or that are already extinct in the wild through breeding we can increase the population number
How do zoos help education people about conservation
As they let people get close to animals and increase their enthuism for conservation work
How do seed bankks help to educate people about the need for conservation
Allow training to be held and seed banks to be set yp all around the globe
What would the index of diversity be like on farmland and why?
The species diversity is likely to be very low on farmland and therefore the index of diversity will be low
Other plant species that might compete with the crops for sunlight / water / mineral ions are excluded by use of pesticides
This means there is a low variety of food for animal species so there will be few species of animal
The crops grown by farmers will also have a low genetic diversity as they have been selected for certain alleles and there will be a lot of these crops growing and not much else
Agriculture
Natural ecosystem are complex communites
Farmer select animals and plants for their characteristic
This decreases variety of their allele
An area can only support a particular amount of biomass
The farmer will select only the plants and animals which are beneficial
Other species will not be able to remain as they are removed or outcompeted by agricultural species
Herbicides and insecticides (pesticides) will be used to reduce competition for agriculural plants and animals
Therefore, agricultural ecosystem have lower index of species diversity
Advantages of in-situ
Protect more than one specie
Increase population number
The whole habitat and environment can be conserve than just a specific species
Organism can interact with their natural environment and occupy their appropriate ecological niche
More organism can be conserved at the same time as there are less spacial restrictions
It is typically cheaper to set to in situ conservation sites Than ex-Situ conservation
Disadvantages of in-situ
Hard to enforce legislation population may still decline
Area may not be large enough to ensure the survival of these species
Risk of increased inbreeding
Condition that threatened the he area may still be present
Genetic diversity may have already have been drastically decreased
—> decrease fitness
Disadvantages of captive breeding
Can endanger remaining small wild populations
Difficult to maintain large enough population size to prevent in breeding depression
Captive population may undergo selection adapting them to captive condition
Loss of learned behaviour can occur under captive condition
Disadvantages of captive breeding
Not enough space or sufficient resource in the zoo
Difficult to provide the right condition for breeding
Animals may bred in captivity may have great problems in adjusting to unsupported life in the wild
Gene pool is reduced
—> genetic variation is reduced
Disadvantages for reintroduction
Reintroduction programmes are expensive and time consuming
Reintroduction to the wild will be unsuccessful unless the original reason for the species being pushed to the edge of extinction is removed
Suggest why such a small population size puts these animal at risk
More risk of inbreeding - increased chance of related individuals mating and could lead to decrease in fertility or greater incidence of genetic abnormalities
May be more difficult to find mates
How can we protect endangered species
Zoos
Botanic garden
Seed banks
National parks
Zoos
Protect and properly fed and give veterinary attention
Increase population size
—> Artificial insemination
—> sperm and eggs can be frozen
—> IVF
Stud book to keep breeding record
—> to prevent inbreeding
Ex-Situ conservation
Increase genetic diversity
Assist in breeding animals
Monitor mother and foetus
Provide proper care
Genetic record to prevent in breeding
Explain how seed banks ensure that the seeds that are stored can remain viable for long period of time
Seeds x ray to check for the embryos
Seeds dried before storage
Conditions preventing growth of bacteria
Storage conditions reducing enzyme activity
Germinating seeds at regular intervals to check for the viability
Seeds are stored in Low humidity
Explain how breeding programme can help conserve the genetic diversity of the giant panda
Increase the population size
Use stud books to select mates
Exchange of animals between zoos
Reduce inbreeding
Prevention of genetic drift
Introduction of allele from other population
Suggest advantage of selecting seeds of different sizes for long term storage
Maintaining genetic diversity
More chance of having beneficial alleles
Increase chance of future survival
Less chance of being susceptible title to a disease
What will seed bank will do for long term storage
Cleaning seeds
Drying of the seed
Storing at Low temperature
Regular testing
X ray to detect embryo presence
Seed bank
Prevent germination
Prevent decaying
Reduce enzyme activity
Explain why is it better to store seeds than having grown plants
Take up less space so more be stored
Greater genetic diversity
Can be stored for a long time
Different species of plant being stored
Factors affecting the survival chance when reintroduction
Habitat ( loss of habitat, wider range of habitat)
Availability of prey
Competition with other animals
Presence of disease
Disadvantages for captive breeding
Thee is not enough space or resource in zoo
Difficult to provide the right condition for breeding
Problem adjusting to unsupported life in the wild
When the population is small the gene pool is reduced
—> zoos can overcome this by keeping detailed record of genetic data (stud books) sperms can be swapped with other zoos to maximise genetic variation
Disadvantages reintroduction
Can be expensive and time consuming
Reintroduction to the wild will be unsuccessful unless the original reason for the specie being pushed to the edge of extinction is removed
Advantages captive
Provide food/ nutrients/ fertilizer eg more protein when pregnant
Protect from poaching
Protect from natural predator
DNA profiling
Selective breeding for desired characteristics
Advantages seed
Prevent extinction
Increase genetic diversity
- collect different seeds from different plants to increase genetic diversity
Large number of them can be stored quite cheaply in a small space
Use X ray can be used to identify developed embryo to check for validity
Keep seed for long time
Negative seed
Cost
Damage seed after keeping them for a long time
Botanic garden advantages
Nutrients/fertilisation
Light intensity/light wavelength
Humidity/CO2
DNA profiling —> genetic diversity
Selective breeding
Disadvantages botanic garden
Special environment is needed for maintaining botanical garden which is expensive because it needs an irrigation system for watering and need proper maintenance
