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Stem Cell Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define totipotent

A

Undifferentiated cell that can form anyone of the different cell types needed for an entire new organism

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2
Q

Define Stem cell

A

Unspecialised cells that can divide by mitosis to produce daughter cells thta can become specialised for specific function

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3
Q

Define Pluripotent

A

An undifferentiated cell that can form most of the cell types needed for an entire new organism

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4
Q

Define multipotent

A

A cell that can form a very limited range of differentiated cells within a mature organism

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5
Q

Define Morula

A

An early embryo made up of a solid ball of 10-30 totipotent cell

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6
Q

Define Blasocyst

A

An early embryo consisting of a hollow ball of cells with an inner cell mass of pluripotent cells that will eventually forma new organism

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7
Q

What are embryonic stem cell

A

Stem cell found in very early embryos that are specialised and capable of differentitiating into any type of cells

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8
Q

Where can embryonic stem cell be collected from

A

Donor stem cells removed from embryos grwon in IVF (left overs)

Patients own stem cells remove the from the umbilical blood before birth

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9
Q

What are adult stem cell

A

Undifferentiat3d cells found among the normal differentiated cells in tissue or organs that can differentiate when needed to produce any one of the major cells type found in tha tparticular tissue or organs

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10
Q

Potential uses of stem cell

A

Treat disease

Used to repair damded tissue

Used in scientic genetic research

Growing organs for transplant

Stem cell therapy

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11
Q

First stage of development
Stage
Day
Description

A

Fertilisation
Day 0
Fusion of nuclei of the gamete

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12
Q

Second stage of development
Stage
Day
Description

A

Zygote forms
Day 1
Fertilised egg
Ability to differentiate into any cell type (totipotent)

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13
Q

Stage 3
Day
Description

A

Cleavage
Day 1-3
volves a special kind of mitosis where cells divide repeatly without normal interphase for growth between division

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14
Q

Stage 5
Day
Description

A

Morula
Day 3-5
A solid ball of 10-30 totipotent cell

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15
Q

Stage 6
Day
Description

A

Blascocyst
Day
A mass of identical and undifferentiated cells forming a hollow sphere, which are pluripotent

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16
Q

Where are pluripotent stem cell found

A

Embryonic and fetal stem cell

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17
Q

Multipotent stem cell found?

A

Bone marrow cells

Adult

Umbilical cord stem cells

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18
Q

Where is umbilical cord stem cells from

A

The blood that drains from the placenta and umbilical cord after birth is a rich source of pluripotent stem cells

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19
Q

Usage of umbilical cord stem cell and drawbacks

A

If this blood is frozen and stored, those stem cells will be available throughout the life of a child and be used, should the child need treatment

DRAWBACKS
Large space is needed for storing of -the blood

-genetic disorder are present in the stem cells

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20
Q

Adult stem cell

A

Exist in a form of undifferentiated cells among the normal differentiated cells in the tissue or organs- they differentiated only when needed

They are multipotent and give limited range of cells

These could be extracted from a patient and treated so that they develop into cells that the patient needs

Using patient adult own stem cell avois the risk of rejection of new tissue

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21
Q

Totipotent issues

A

Limited - no issues with rejection

May cause tumours

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22
Q

Pluripotent issues

A

More likely to be rejected by immune system

May cause tumours - risk of developing cancer

Ethical issues with the use of embryos as a source

Difficult to control differentiation into specific types of cell

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23
Q

Multipotent

A

Even more likely to by rejected by immune system

May cause tumours

Relatively hard to grow and extract

Differentiate into limited number of cells types

If an individual has a genetic. Problem it will be present in their own adult stem cells

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24
Q

What is therapeutic cloning

A

Experimental technique used to produce large quantities of healthy tissue hoping it can cure diseases

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25
Q

Procedure of therapeutic cloning

A

1) removing the nucleus from one of the normal body cells and transfer it to a human ovum which has it orginal nucleus removed
2) a mild electric shock is used to fuse with the nucleus with the new cell and trigger development

3) the nearly formed cell starts to development and divide by mitosis
—> collecton of identical cells with the same genetic information as the patient

4j stem cells are harvested and then cultured in a suitable environement so that they differentiate into required tissue

5) there tissue cells then be transferred to the patient where they can do their job without the risk of the immune system rejecting them

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26
Q

Totipotent pros

A

Easy to isolate and grow

Can differentiate into any cell type

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27
Q

Pluripotent pros

A

Easy to isolate and grow

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28
Q

Adult stem cell pros

A

Less ethical issues as no embryonic tissue involved

Less chance of immune rejection if taken from same patient

If an individual has a genetic problem it will be present in their own adult stem cell

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29
Q

Embryonic stem cell

A

The earliest embryonic stem cells are totipotent

The blastocyst stage, the inner cells of this ball are pluripotent.

Pluripotent cells become more specialised as the embryo develops

By around three month of pregnancu the cells have become sufficiently specialised that when they divide they inly form more of the same type of cell

30
Q

Embryonic stem cells example

A

Form blood stem cells which give rise to blood cells or skin stem cells

31
Q

Umbilical cord stem cell

A

The blood that drains from the placenta and umbilical cord after birth is a rich sorce of pluripotent stem cell.

If this blood is frozen and stored , those stem cells will be available throughout the life of a child and be used should the child need treatment.

Drawback include large space needed for storing of blood and genetic disorders are present in the stem cells

32
Q

Adult stem cell

A

Adult stem cell exist in the form of undifferentiated cells found among the normal differentiated cells in a tissue or organ.

They differentiate when needed.

These somatic stem cells are multipotent because they can give a limited range of cells.

Adult stem cells have been found in many different organs and tissue.

33
Q

Adult stem cell cons

A

Relatively hard to extract and difficult to grow in the laboratory

34
Q

Induced pluripotent stem cells

A

Produced from adult somatic cells using appropriate protein transcription factors to overcome some of the ethical issues with using embryonic stem cells

The genes that were switch off to make the cell specialised must be switched back on
This is done using transcriptional factors

35
Q

Parkinsons disease

A

Nerve cells in the brains that produce dopamine stop working and are lost.
—> uncontrollable tremors in their hands and body become rigid , cannot move

—> transplant stem cells that farms dopamin neurones (pluripotent stem cells is the best hope)

36
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

The glucose - sensitive —> beta cells, insulin secreting cells from islet of langerhans in the pancreas are destroyed or stop making insulin

—> use human embryonic stem cell
—> (developed) mature human glucose - sensitive insulin producing beta cells.

37
Q

Damaged nerves

A

Permanetly damaged and dont regrows

Cause paralyzed below the location of the damage

Included brain cell

38
Q

Potential risk of using stem cells

A

Stem cell could cause the development of cancers in the body

Not fully discoverinf the knowledge of stem cell so some unexpected condition might occur

39
Q

Potential benefits of using stem cell

A
  • stem cell therapy which no other cure could do
  • avoid risk of rejection if using stem cell from own patient (compare to risk of rejection when using organ transplant)

No need to use immunosuppressive drug

40
Q

Ethical concern

A

Respect for autonomy - respect for individual, by not perofrming procedures without consent

Beneficence - the aim of doing good, by giving medicine to relieve suffering , using proper method etc.

Non maleficence - doing no harm

Justice - treating everyone equally and sharing resource fairly to avoid discrmination

41
Q

Development of an organism

A

These stem cells self-renew and differentiate to create the entire organism through the process of controlling gene expression (switching on and off the transcription of certain gene)

42
Q

Epigenic in fetal haemoglobin vs adult haemoglobin

A
  • fetal haemoglobin has a stronger affinity for oxygen than adult haemoglobin
  • fetal hadmoglobin contain alpha globin and gamma globin
  • adult haemoglobin contain alpha globin and beta globin
  • globin production moves from yolk sac in the embryo to the liver in the fetus and then to spleen, at birth, genes in the bone marrow taken this function almost completly
43
Q

Epigenetic control mechnism in human development

A
  • histone acetylation appear to activate the gamma globin gene in the fetus
  • DNA methlyation silencing the fetal gamma globin gene just before and after birth and switch to beta globin expression
  • non coding RNAs associated
  • number of transciption factors in the switch to the production of beta globin in the spleen and bone marrow as the fetus approaches full term and birth
44
Q

Embryonic stem cell

A

The undifferentiated cells of the early human embryo with potential to develop into many different type of specialised cell

45
Q

Umbilical cord stem cell

A

The blood drain from the placenta and umbilical cord after birth

Rich in pluripotent stem cell

Frozen and sotred , can be used to produce certain cell/tissue organ in the future
(Intheory , not wnough evidenec yet)

46
Q

Adult stem cells

A

Found only in certain area eg bone marrow, skin, intestinal wall

Multipotent stem cell

47
Q

Problems with using stem cells from donor

A
  • you need to find suitable match which can be difficult
  • risk of rejection
  • risk of transmission of disease
  • the recipient would have to take immunosupressant drugs to prevent their body from rejecting the stem cells makinf them vulnerable to opportunistic disease
  • can cause cancer to develop
48
Q

Problems with using stem cells from donors

A
  • you need to find a suitable match which can be difficult
  • risk of rejection
  • risk of transmission of disease
  • the recipient would have to take immunosupressant drugs to prevent their from rejecting the stem cells making them vulnerable to opportnistic disease
  • can cause cancer to develop
49
Q

The development of an organism

A

These stem cells self re-new and differentiate to create the entire organism throug the process of contorlling gene expression

50
Q

Epigenetic in fetal haemoglobin vs adult haemoglobin

A
  • fetal haemoglobin has a stronger afgnity for oxygen than adult haemoglobin
  • fetal haemoglobin contain alpha globin and gamma globin
  • adult haemoglobin contain alpha globin and beta globin
  • globin peoduction moves from yolk sac in the embroyo to the liver in the fetus and then to spleen at birth genes in the bine marrow taken this function almost completely
51
Q

Stage 1

A

Zygote - sperm fertilised with the egg

52
Q

Stage 2

A

Zygote divide by mitosis -> embryo

53
Q

Stage 3

A

Embryo divide until it becomes a hollow ball of cell - morula

54
Q

Stage 4 day 5

A

Blastocyst

55
Q

Benefits of using stem cells

A

Great potential to treat wide variety of diseases

Organs developed from a patient own stem cell reduce the risk of organ rejection and the wait for the organ

Painless technique

56
Q

Disadvantages of uses stem cells

A

Harm or death to embryo

Embryo cannot consent
—> there is a risk of culturing stem cells accumulating mutation that can lead to them developing into cancer cells

Stem cell cultured in the lab could become infected with a virus which could be transmitted to be the patients

Low numbers of stem cell donors

57
Q

Sources of stem cell

A

Bone marrow

Skin

Umbilical cord blood

Liver brain

58
Q

Uses of stem cell

A

Repair damaged organs

Growing organs

Research

59
Q

Social issues of stem cells

A

It is possible for embryonic stem cells to be collected before birth (from amniotic fluid) or after birth (umbilical cord blood) and stored by a clinic but this can be expensive and isn’t an option for everyone

Lack of peer review clinical evidence of stem cell treatment

Educating the public sufficiently about what stem cells can and cannot be used for

60
Q

Ethical issues stem cells

A

Stem cells may be sourced form unused embryo produced in IVF treatment - is it right to use them

Is it right to create embryos through therapeutic clinging and then destroying them

Should an embryo be treated as a person with human rights or as a commmodity

61
Q

Disadvantages of stem cells

A

(Embryonic stem cells )Embryo destroyed when cells removed
—> embryos have the right to live

(Embryonic stem cells) body recognises the cells as different and willl reject them without the use of drug

(All stem cells) may produce cancer cells instead of healthy cells

Adult stem cell difficult to find and extract from tissue

Adult stem cell - only produced a few types of cells

62
Q

Advantages of umbilical cord blood

A

No ethical issues of embryo involvement

Reduced problems of rejection

63
Q

Disadvantages of umbilical cord blood

A

Has to be stored( cost implications)

Carries genetic diseases

64
Q

Discuss how regulartoey authorities control the use of embryonic stem cells in research

A

Monitoring research

Issue license

Monitoring sources of stem cells

Ensure that only early stage of embryo are used

Prevention of unethical use of stem cells

  • human cloning

Genetic manipulation

65
Q

Discuss how regulatory authorities control the use of embryonic stem cells in research

A

Monitor the research is necessary

Issue the license for stem cell research

Monitoring sources of stem cells

Ensure that only early stages embryos are used as sources of stem cell

Prevention of unethical of stem cells

66
Q

Risk of stem cells

A

Risk of transmission of disease

Risk of rejection

Risk having to take immunosuppressant drug

67
Q

Risk stem cell

A

Risk of rejection

Risk of transmission of disease

Risk when taking immunosuppressant drug

68
Q

Suggest why research with embryonic stem cell is further advantaged than research with adult stem cell

A

Are easier to work with

Embryonic are undifferentiated whereas adult stem cell appear to be less

Embryonic stem cell have a wider range of clinical application

69
Q

Against

A

Embryonic is taken unborn children

Lack of respect of the embryonic

Not enough funding

A lot of current stem cell treatment badly regulated encourage to create more spares embryo

70
Q

Evaluate the benefits and the ethical issues associated with embryonic stem cell research

A

Offers prospect of treatment to many suffering

If we ban it it will still happen in other countries
adult stem cell is progressing slower than embryonic stem cell

An embryo is not a new human until it is viable

Biology (27 decks)

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