Transport In Animals

Question 1

What are 3 reasons why animals need transport systems?

Answer 1

They are large

High metabolic rate

Low surface area to volume ratio

Question 2

What kind of circulatory system do insects have?

Answer 2

Open, single - haemolymph is their transport medium which carries food, nitrogeneous waste and immune cells. tracheal system deals with gas exchange

Question 3

What kind of circulatory system do fish have?

Answer 3

Closed, single

Question 4

Why kind of circulatory system do mammals have?

Answer 4

Closed, double

Question 5

Describe the structure of an artery?

Answer 5

Tunica intima

• endothelium 1 cell think
• connective tissue and elastic fibres

Tunica media

• lots of smooth muscle
• elastic tissue

Tunica adventitia
Collagen

Question 6

What is the purpose of elastic tissue in blood vessels?

Answer 6

To maintain pressure and even out surges of blood

Question 7

What is the function of smooth muscle in blood vessels?

Answer 7

To provide strength and to control the flow of blood

Question 8

What is the function of collage in blood vessels?

Answer 8

To prevent overstretching and damage to them

Question 9

Compared to artery’s what is the composition of arterioles?

Answer 9

The have more smooth muscle and less elastin

Question 10

3 adaptions of capillaries as an exchange surface?

Answer 10

Small lumen -RBC single file to slow them down

Large cross sectional area slows blood down and increases area for diffusion

Walls are 1 cell thick

Question 11

What is the composition of venules?

Answer 11

Thin walls

Very little smooth muscle

Question 12

Structure of veins?

Answer 12

Valves to prevent back flow as pressure is low and no pulse

Between muscles which contract and squeeze up blood

Ventilation movement squeeze up

Question 13

How is tissue fluid formed?

Answer 13

Hydrostatic pressure at arteriole end is higher than oncotic so plasma moves out into surround tissue forming tissue fluid

Oncotic pressure at venule end is higher so water moves back in

Question 14

What’s in blood that isn’t in tissue fluid?

Answer 14

Plasma proteins
Red blood cells
Platelets

Question 15

What does lymph contain?

Answer 15

Dissolved solutes

White blood cells

Proteins

Question 16

List the order that blood travels in around the heart

Answer 16

Vena cava

Right atria

Right ventricle

Pulmonary artery

Lungs

Pulmonary vein

Left atria

Left ventricle

Aorta

Question 17

What is tachycardia?

Answer 17

Slow heart rate

Question 18

What is bradycardia?

Answer 18

Fast heart rate

Question 19

What is an ectopic heart rate?

Answer 19

Random

Question 20

What is fibrillation

Answer 20

Squiggly

Question 21

Two adaptations of blood cells?

Answer 21

Biconcave disc

No nuclei

Question 22

What does heamaglovin form when it binds with oxygen?

Answer 22

Oxyheamaglobin

Question 23

What creates the s shaped curve on a oxygen dissociation curve?

Answer 23

Once one oxygen binds, harmaglovin changes shape and binds more easily to the next

Question 24

What happens at a high p(CO2)

Answer 24

Oxygen is given up more easily

Question 25

How is co2 transported?

Answer 25

Diffuses into blood cells

Reacts with water to form carbonic acid

Dissociates to form hydrogen carbonate ions and hydrogen ions

• catalysed by carbonic anhydrase

Hydrogen carbonate ions move out of rbc doen conc gradient and chlorine ions move in to balance electrical charge

Question 26

Why is the way co2 transported good?

Answer 26

It maintains steep concentration gradient of co2 to diffuse into rbc

Question 27

How does heamaglobin act as a ph buffer?

Answer 27

It accepts hydrogen ions to make haemaglobnic acid

Question 28

what are some features of an open circulatory system?

Answer 28

contain very few vessels
blood is pumped straight from heart into the body cavity
blood returns to heart in open ended vessel

Question 29

why do foetus hearts have hole between septum of atria?

Answer 29

lungs not, functioning / filled with air ;
blood / haemoglobin, is, not oxygenated in the lungs /
oxygenated in placenta ;
(therefore) pulmonary circuit / lungs, bypassed ;

Question 30

why does fetal haemaglobin have a higher affinity for oxygen than adult?

Answer 30

(fetal haemoglobin) must be able to bind to oxygen,
in low(er) partial pressure /
in placenta /
when adult oxyhaemoglobin dissociates /
when adult haemoglobin dissociates from oxygen;

Question 31

what is the bohr effect?

Answer 31

2 reduces affinity (of Hb) for oxygen ;
3 formation of haemoglobinic acid / hydrogen ions interact
with haemoglobin ;
4 prevents, fall in pH / build-up of H+, in cells
OR provides buffering effect ;
5 alter, structure / shape, of haemoglobin ;
6 more oxygen released where, needed / more
respiration / carbon dioxide concentration high ;
7 CO2 binds to haemoglobin forming
carbaminohaemoglobin ;

Question 32

how is tissue fluid formed?

Answer 32

diffusion ;
from high concentration to low concentration / down
concentration gradient;
(hydrostatic) pressure in capillary high(er than in tissue
fluid) ;
capillary (walls) leaky / described ;
fluid / plasma, forced out (of capillary)
OR
fluid / plasma, moves, from higher pressure to lower
pressure / down pressure gradient ;
(as the fluid / plasma moves out) glucose / oxygen / small
molecules, leave with, fluid / plasma ;