Transport In Animals Flashcards
What are 3 reasons why animals need transport systems?
They are large
High metabolic rate
Low surface area to volume ratio
What kind of circulatory system do insects have?
Open, single - haemolymph is their transport medium which carries food, nitrogeneous waste and immune cells. tracheal system deals with gas exchange
What kind of circulatory system do fish have?
Closed, single
Why kind of circulatory system do mammals have?
Closed, double
Describe the structure of an artery?
Tunica intima
- endothelium 1 cell think
- connective tissue and elastic fibres
Tunica media
- lots of smooth muscle
- elastic tissue
Tunica adventitia
Collagen
What is the purpose of elastic tissue in blood vessels?
To maintain pressure and even out surges of blood
What is the function of smooth muscle in blood vessels?
To provide strength and to control the flow of blood
What is the function of collage in blood vessels?
To prevent overstretching and damage to them
Compared to artery’s what is the composition of arterioles?
The have more smooth muscle and less elastin
3 adaptions of capillaries as an exchange surface?
Small lumen -RBC single file to slow them down
Large cross sectional area slows blood down and increases area for diffusion
Walls are 1 cell thick
What is the composition of venules?
Thin walls
Very little smooth muscle
Structure of veins?
Valves to prevent back flow as pressure is low and no pulse
Between muscles which contract and squeeze up blood
Ventilation movement squeeze up
How is tissue fluid formed?
Hydrostatic pressure at arteriole end is higher than oncotic so plasma moves out into surround tissue forming tissue fluid
Oncotic pressure at venule end is higher so water moves back in
What’s in blood that isn’t in tissue fluid?
Plasma proteins
Red blood cells
Platelets
What does lymph contain?
Dissolved solutes
White blood cells
Proteins
List the order that blood travels in around the heart
Vena cava
Right atria
Right ventricle
Pulmonary artery
Lungs
Pulmonary vein
Left atria
Left ventricle
Aorta
What is tachycardia?
Slow heart rate
What is bradycardia?
Fast heart rate
What is an ectopic heart rate?
Random
What is fibrillation
Squiggly
Two adaptations of blood cells?
Biconcave disc
No nuclei
What does heamaglovin form when it binds with oxygen?
Oxyheamaglobin
What creates the s shaped curve on a oxygen dissociation curve?
Once one oxygen binds, harmaglovin changes shape and binds more easily to the next
What happens at a high p(CO2)
Oxygen is given up more easily
How is co2 transported?
Diffuses into blood cells
Reacts with water to form carbonic acid
Dissociates to form hydrogen carbonate ions and hydrogen ions
- catalysed by carbonic anhydrase
Hydrogen carbonate ions move out of rbc doen conc gradient and chlorine ions move in to balance electrical charge
Why is the way co2 transported good?
It maintains steep concentration gradient of co2 to diffuse into rbc
How does heamaglobin act as a ph buffer?
It accepts hydrogen ions to make haemaglobnic acid
what are some features of an open circulatory system?
contain very few vessels
blood is pumped straight from heart into the body cavity
blood returns to heart in open ended vessel
why do foetus hearts have hole between septum of atria?
lungs not, functioning / filled with air ;
blood / haemoglobin, is, not oxygenated in the lungs /
oxygenated in placenta ;
(therefore) pulmonary circuit / lungs, bypassed ;
why does fetal haemaglobin have a higher affinity for oxygen than adult?
(fetal haemoglobin) must be able to bind to oxygen,
in low(er) partial pressure /
in placenta /
when adult oxyhaemoglobin dissociates /
when adult haemoglobin dissociates from oxygen;
what is the bohr effect?
2 reduces affinity (of Hb) for oxygen ;
3 formation of haemoglobinic acid / hydrogen ions interact
with haemoglobin ;
4 prevents, fall in pH / build-up of H+, in cells
OR provides buffering effect ;
5 alter, structure / shape, of haemoglobin ;
6 more oxygen released where, needed / more
respiration / carbon dioxide concentration high ;
7 CO2 binds to haemoglobin forming
carbaminohaemoglobin ;
how is tissue fluid formed?
diffusion ;
from high concentration to low concentration / down
concentration gradient;
(hydrostatic) pressure in capillary high(er than in tissue
fluid) ;
capillary (walls) leaky / described ;
fluid / plasma, forced out (of capillary)
OR
fluid / plasma, moves, from higher pressure to lower
pressure / down pressure gradient ;
(as the fluid / plasma moves out) glucose / oxygen / small
molecules, leave with, fluid / plasma ;
