Classification and Evolution Flashcards
What is the taxonomic hierarchy
System of classification Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
What are the five kingdoms?
Prokaryotae
Protoctista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
What identifies prokaryotae?
Prokaryotic organisms
Unicellular
No nucleus
Less than 5um
How to identify protoctista
Eukaryotic cells
Live in water
Single or simple multicellular
Eg algae or Protozoa
How can you identify fungi?
Eukaryotic
Chitin cell wall
Saprophytic
Single or multicellular
Eg mound yeast mushrooms
How can you identify plantae?
Euakaryotic
Cellulose cell wall
Autotrophic
Chloroplasts
Eg moss ferns
How can you identify animalia?
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
No cell wall
Heterotrophic - consume plants and animals
Eg molluscs insects fish etc
What are the three domains of life?
Eukarya
Archaea
Bacteria
What new evidence can be used to classify organisms that has led to the three domains?
Molecular evidence
RNA polymerase is different in bacteria to archaea
Archaea has similar histones to eukarya
Cell membrane evidence
Bonds of the lipids are different in bacteria to archaea
What is phylogeny?
The study of evolutionary history of groups of organisms
Tells who’s related to who and how closely
Evidence for natural selection- 3kinds
Palaeontology- fossils and fossil record
DNA
Molecular
Name 5 causes for genetic variation?
Alleles
Mutations
Meiosis - independent assortment and crossing over
Sexual reproduction
Chance
What is the equation for standard deviation?
Root of €(x-_x)^2/ n-1
What is the student t test?
Compares the mean values of two sets of data
The data must be normally distributed
What is spearmans rank?
Correlation coefficient - how two sets of data are related to each other if significant
Three types of adaptations?
Anatomical - physical features
Physiological - processes inside an organism
Behavioural - the way an organism acts
What is convergent evolution?
When two unrelated species begin to share similar traits
Explain how the marsupial and placental moles are an example of convergent evolution
Different parts of the work but similar living environments
They both burrow through soft soil for worms and grubs
Steamlined shape
Modified forelimbs
Velvety fur
Colour is different (grey v orange)
- Variation is seen within a species due to _______ variation, organisms maybe have many different______ which may occur due to mutation
- Organisms with _____ that are best adapted to a _________ _______ have an increased chance of survival
- The successful organism pass on the _____ causing the advantageous characteristic to their offspring and vice versa
- The process is repeated and over time the proportion of the population with the advantageous adaption _______
- This can lead to the __________ of that species
Genetic Alleles Characteristics Survival pressure Allele Increases Evolution
How does pesticide resistance have implications on humans?
Pesticide resistant insects are harder to control
Insect vectors that become pesticide resistant cause spread of disease
New pesticides need to be produced costing money
Drug resistance implications on humans?
Makes them a lot harder to treat
New drugs need to be developed costing time and money
other than fossil evidence what types of evidence support the theory of evolution
molecular evidence
comparison of amino acid sequence in proteins
such as cytochrome show evolution
DNA evidence
similarities and differences in genes and their nucleotide sequence show relationships betwee species. for example humans and chimps share a large portion of DNA meaning they are related
also looking through human history and practices such as selective breeding used by farmers and breeders support the theory if evolution
comparisons of embryology also support evoltion
how is it possible to use selective breeding to increase overall disease resistance of a crop?
cross / breed, with disease resistant variety ;
method to test offspring for disease resistance ;
select , best offspring / offspring with
resistance ;
(inter)breed, offspring with resistance / best
offspring ;
(continue process) for (many) generations ;
idea of avoid breeding, closely related / AW ,
individuals to preserve genetic diversity ; ora
(regularly back) cross with, wild variety ;
idea of preserving rare varieties in case they
are needed in the future ;
state the meaning of phylogeny and how it is related to classification
(phylogeny is) evolutionary relationships
(between organisms) ;
(phylogeny is study of) closeness of
(evolutionary) relationships ;
phylogeny is basis of / used in , natural /
scientific / modern, classification ;
idea that the closer the (evolutionary or
genetic) relationship the closer the
(taxonomic) grouping ;
correct use of example ;
outline the features of the domain system compared with the five kingdom system
based on (differences in) , DNA / RNA / nucleic acids /
polynucleotides ;
idea that more accurately reflects origins (of,
prokaryotes / eukaryotes) ;
(domain) divides / AW , prokaryotes ; ora
idea that domain reflects differences / AW , between
(eu)bacteria and archaea ;
example of two differences to support point 3 or 4 ;
(domain) groups / AW , eukaryotes together ; ora
idea that domain reflects the fact that there are
similarities between eukaryotic kingdoms ;
example of two or more similarities to support point 6
explain what is meant by convergent evolution
Unrelated species which show similar traits;
which have evolved separately, but under similar
evolutionary pressures
