Classification and Evolution

Question 1

What is the taxonomic hierarchy

Answer 1

System of classification 
Kingdom 
Phylum 
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 2

What are the five kingdoms?

Answer 2

Prokaryotae

Protoctista

Fungi

Plantae

Animalia

Question 3

What identifies prokaryotae?

Answer 3

Prokaryotic organisms
Unicellular
No nucleus
Less than 5um

Question 4

How to identify protoctista

Answer 4

Eukaryotic cells
Live in water
Single or simple multicellular

Eg algae or Protozoa

Question 5

How can you identify fungi?

Answer 5

Eukaryotic
Chitin cell wall
Saprophytic
Single or multicellular

Eg mound yeast mushrooms

Question 6

How can you identify plantae?

Answer 6

Euakaryotic
Cellulose cell wall
Autotrophic
Chloroplasts

Eg moss ferns

Question 7

How can you identify animalia?

Answer 7

Eukaryotic
Multicellular
No cell wall
Heterotrophic - consume plants and animals

Eg molluscs insects fish etc

Question 8

What are the three domains of life?

Answer 8

Eukarya

Archaea

Bacteria

Question 9

What new evidence can be used to classify organisms that has led to the three domains?

Answer 9

Molecular evidence
RNA polymerase is different in bacteria to archaea
Archaea has similar histones to eukarya

Cell membrane evidence
Bonds of the lipids are different in bacteria to archaea

Question 10

What is phylogeny?

Answer 10

The study of evolutionary history of groups of organisms

Tells who’s related to who and how closely

Question 11

Evidence for natural selection- 3kinds

Answer 11

Palaeontology- fossils and fossil record

DNA

Molecular

Question 12

Name 5 causes for genetic variation?

Answer 12

Alleles

Mutations

Meiosis - independent assortment and crossing over

Sexual reproduction

Chance

Question 13

What is the equation for standard deviation?

Answer 13

Root of €(x-_x)^2/ n-1

Question 14

What is the student t test?

Answer 14

Compares the mean values of two sets of data

The data must be normally distributed

Question 15

What is spearmans rank?

Answer 15

Correlation coefficient - how two sets of data are related to each other if significant

Question 16

Three types of adaptations?

Answer 16

Anatomical - physical features

Physiological - processes inside an organism

Behavioural - the way an organism acts

Question 17

What is convergent evolution?

Answer 17

When two unrelated species begin to share similar traits

Question 18

Explain how the marsupial and placental moles are an example of convergent evolution

Answer 18

Different parts of the work but similar living environments

They both burrow through soft soil for worms and grubs

Steamlined shape

Modified forelimbs

Velvety fur

Colour is different (grey v orange)

Question 19

1. Variation is seen within a species due to _______ variation, organisms maybe have many different______ which may occur due to mutation
2. Organisms with _____ that are best adapted to a _________ _______ have an increased chance of survival
3. The successful organism pass on the _____ causing the advantageous characteristic to their offspring and vice versa
4. The process is repeated and over time the proportion of the population with the advantageous adaption _______
5. This can lead to the __________ of that species

Answer 19

Genetic
Alleles
Characteristics 
Survival pressure 
Allele
Increases 
Evolution

Question 20

How does pesticide resistance have implications on humans?

Answer 20

Pesticide resistant insects are harder to control

Insect vectors that become pesticide resistant cause spread of disease

New pesticides need to be produced costing money

Question 21

Drug resistance implications on humans?

Answer 21

Makes them a lot harder to treat

New drugs need to be developed costing time and money

Question 22

other than fossil evidence what types of evidence support the theory of evolution

Answer 22

molecular evidence
comparison of amino acid sequence in proteins
such as cytochrome show evolution

DNA evidence
similarities and differences in genes and their nucleotide sequence show relationships betwee species. for example humans and chimps share a large portion of DNA meaning they are related

also looking through human history and practices such as selective breeding used by farmers and breeders support the theory if evolution

comparisons of embryology also support evoltion

Question 23

how is it possible to use selective breeding to increase overall disease resistance of a crop?

Answer 23

cross / breed, with disease resistant variety ;
method to test offspring for disease resistance ;
select , best offspring / offspring with
resistance ;
(inter)breed, offspring with resistance / best
offspring ;
(continue process) for (many) generations ;
idea of avoid breeding, closely related / AW ,
individuals to preserve genetic diversity ; ora
(regularly back) cross with, wild variety ;
idea of preserving rare varieties in case they
are needed in the future ;

Question 24

state the meaning of phylogeny and how it is related to classification

Answer 24

(phylogeny is) evolutionary relationships
(between organisms) ;
(phylogeny is study of) closeness of
(evolutionary) relationships ;
phylogeny is basis of / used in , natural /
scientific / modern, classification ;
idea that the closer the (evolutionary or
genetic) relationship the closer the
(taxonomic) grouping ;
correct use of example ;

Question 25

outline the features of the domain system compared with the five kingdom system

Answer 25

based on (differences in) , DNA / RNA / nucleic acids /
polynucleotides ;
idea that more accurately reflects origins (of,
prokaryotes / eukaryotes) ;
(domain) divides / AW , prokaryotes ; ora
idea that domain reflects differences / AW , between
(eu)bacteria and archaea ;
example of two differences to support point 3 or 4 ;
(domain) groups / AW , eukaryotes together ; ora
idea that domain reflects the fact that there are
similarities between eukaryotic kingdoms ;
example of two or more similarities to support point 6

Question 26

explain what is meant by convergent evolution

Answer 26

Unrelated species which show similar traits;
which have evolved separately, but under similar
evolutionary pressures