Biological Molecules Flashcards
What are the 4 major uses of water and the properties that make them possible?
Solvent- polar so can dissolve other polar molecules in it
Transport medium - dissolves stuff, cohesive and adhesive
Coolant- high latent heat of evaporation
Habitat- high specific heat capacity
- less dense when solid = insulating layer
What’s the difference between glucose and ribose?
Glucose is a hexose monosaccharide and ribose is a pentose monosaccharide
What bonds form between glucose molecules? And how?
Glycosidic bonds through condensation reactions
What is sucrose made from?
Fructose and glucose
What is lactose made from?
Galactose and glucose
What is maltose made from?
2 alpha glucose
What is the structure of starch?
Amylose = unbranched and coiled alpha glucose chain - (1,4)
Compact and good for storage
Amylopectin = long and branched alpha glucose chain
(1,6) and (1,4)
Glucose can be released quickly
Structure of glycogen
More branching and very compact
- less room to be stored
- released easily and quickly
- insoluble
Structure of cellulose
Long unbranched alternating beta glucose
Cross linking chains by hydrogen bonds
Forms microfibrils
Structure of triglyceride
1 glycerol molecule
3 fatty acids
Formed by esterfication as Ester bond forms between fatty acid and glycerol
Structure of phospholipid
2 fatty acid
1 glycerol
1 phosphate group - rhydrophilic (polar)
Cell membrane
What is the general structure of an amino acid?
Central carbon with a carboxyl group, a amine group a hydrogen and a carbon
What bonds are formed between amino acids?
Peptide bonds
What is the structure and function of haemaglobin?
Conjugated globular protein=
Two a subunits, two b subunits
Prosthetic haem group in each
Soluble
Binds to oxygen and transports in blood
Structure and function of insulin?
2 polypeptide chains held together by 3 disulfide bridges
Soluble = transported in blood
Hormone secreted by Pancras that regulates blood glucose level
Structure and function of amylase?
Single chain polypeptide
Contains alpha helix and beta pleated
Enzyme that catalyses breakdown of starch
Structure and function of collagen?
3 polypeptide chains
Used in connective tissue and is very strong
It binds to minerals to increase ridigity
Every 3rd AA glycine
Held together by h bonds
Strands held together by cross links to form fibrils
Structure and function of keratin?
Found in external structures of animals
Flexibility depends on the portion of dulcet containing aa it has cystein
Structure and function of elastin?
Elastic connective tissue in skin and blood vessels
Quarterbary protein made of tropoelastin molecules linked together
Coiling
How to test for protein?
Biuret test
Add sodium hydroxide Add copper(ii) sulfate solution
Blue— purple
Test for lipid?
Emulsion test
Shake with ethanol
Pour into water
=milky
Test for reducing sugar?
Add Benedicts reagent and heat
Blue — brick red
Test for non reducing sugars
Add dilute HCl and heat
add sodium hydrogen carbonate
Add Benedicts reagent and heat
Blue — brick red
Test for starch?
Iodine test
Orange — blue/black
how does the structure of DNA allow replication?
double stranded ;
each / both (strands) act as template ;
hydrogen bonds , easily , break / form , between
bases ;
complementary (specified) base , pairing / AW ;
purine (only able to) bind to pyrimidine ;
(due to) different sizes of purines and pyrimidines ;
hydrogen bonding different between A & T and C & G
or
3 H bonds between C & G and
2 H bonds between A & T ;
what are 3 uses of triglyerides?
Used as a long term energy storage
Protect vital organs
Buoyancy in aquatic animals
what is the structural difference between alpha and beta glucose molecule?
in alpha glucose H is above the ring whereas OH is below the ring on carbon one
it is opposite in beta glucose
what is lactose permease?
protein that tranpsorts latose across cell suface memrbane
