population and sustainability

Question 1

what 2 types of factors affect population size?

Answer 1

abiotic and biotic

Question 2

what determines a populations carrying capacity?

Answer 2

limiting factors

Question 3

what is interspecific competition?

Answer 3

competition between different species for the same resource, leading to reduced resource availability for both species

if one species is better adapted it outcompetes the other

Question 4

what is intraspecific competition?

Answer 4

competition between members of the same species. population size of a species increases when resources are plentiful however as it increases there are more organisms competeing for the same space and food so becomes a limiting factor

Question 5

describe predator prey relationships

Answer 5

increase in prey population provides more food for predators so the predator population size increases as they survive and reproducde more

increase in predator population means more of the prey population is eaten and the prey population declines as death rate>birth rate

reduced prey population can no longer support the predator population leading to intraspecific competition and predator population decreases

reduced predator population means less prey eaten allowing prey to survive and reproduce more so prey population increases

Question 6

what is the difference between conservation and preservation?

Answer 6

1 conservation maintains , ecosystem / biodiversity /
species / habitats
or
conservation involves , active / sustainable ,
management of , ecosystem / resource / habitat ;

2 preservation leaves , ecosystems / habitats ,
undisturbed ;

Question 7

give economic, social and ethical reasons for conservation

Answer 7

economic
provides resources for humans which are traded on a local and global scale - if not conserved they will be lost so less trade in the future

social
brings joy to people, providing recreational activities which may be lost so future generations cannot enjoy

ethical
its the right thing to do , all organisms have the right to exist, they shouldnt become extinct because of humans. the moral responsibility to conserve ecosystems for uture generations

Question 8

how can management of timber production be sustainable?

Answer 8

trees are cleared in strips or patches so they grow back faster due to less soil erosion

harvested by coppicing (cutting close to ground) so new trees dont need to be replanted

plant naitive trees instead of non naitive to improve biodiversity as long-established interactions have already been established with other species around so help other species thrive whereas might not be able to adapt to non naitive species

planted trees attached to posts for support and grown in a tube to prevent being graxed on

not planted too close together so that they arent competing for space or resources so more likely to survive

Question 9

how can fishing be managed sustainably?

Answer 9

fishing quotas
limiting the amount of certain species that fishermen can catch to reduce number of fish killed

mesh size and nets
limiting mesh size to catch specific species and preventing the discarding of fish that are accidently caught and to also make sure younger fish slip through the net so that they can reach breading age

Question 10

what are three areas where ecosystems are managed to balance the conflict between conservation/preservation and human needs

Answer 10

masai mara in kenya

terai region in nepal

peat bogs

Question 11

how is the masai mara region managed?

Answer 11

conservation trusts work with locals so they can make money through conservation and ecotourism projects rather than farming

also teaching them how to farm in a sustainable way

so that economic needs of masai people are met while allowing conservation

Question 12

how is the terai region managed?

Answer 12

WWF works with locals providing solar cookers and biogas generators so they dont need wood from the forest ass fuel

farmers are encouraged to plant mint trees around their crops to keep animals away

Question 13

how are peat bogs managed?

Answer 13

government funded projects give farmers money so they use peat bogs in as sustainable way - reducing the number of livestock using peat bogs and removing livestock from peat bogs in the winter

Question 14

what are 4 regions where the effects of human activities on plant and animal populations have to be controlled in environmentally sensitive ecosystems?

Answer 14

galapogas islands

antartica

snowdonia national park

lake district

Question 15

what methods of control are used in the galapogas islands to reduce the effect of human populations on animal and plants?

Answer 15

eradication programmes of non-native species usch as wild goats, wild dogs and quinine trees which are competing with native species

visitors expected to follow a list of rules- to not bring and live plants or animals with them onto the island or inbetween islands and they must be accompanied by a liscensed guide

Question 16

what methods of control are used in antartica to reduce the effect of human populations on animal and plants?

Answer 16

waste and sewage taken away by ship to other countries to be disposed of and treated before release

ships that use thick oil are banned from artic waters

tourist restrictions

banning hunting and whaling

Question 17

what methods of control are used in the lake district and in snowdonia national park to reduce the effect of human populations on animal and plants?what methods of control are used in the galapogas islands to reduce the effect of human populations on animal and plants?

Answer 17

require repair and maintenance work to encourage regrowth of damaged vegetation

encourage visitors to stick to paths

dig drains next to paths to prevent flooding of the paths

Question 18

a pioneer community and a climax community

Answer 18

1 pioneers arrive , before climax / earlier ; ora

2 pioneer communities subject to , greater / more ,
change / succession / replacement ; ora

3 pioneer community (usually) has , less / lower ,
biodiversity ; ora

4 idea that pioneer community is (often) less ,
stable / self-sustaining ; ora

5 pioneer community has lower biomass ;

Question 19

Outline the main ways in which increased human presence and activity have put endemic
species on the Galapagos Islands, and in the sea around them, at risk of extinction.

Answer 19

habitat / ecosystem , disturbance / destruction ;

(land used for) (named) building / roads ;

(land used for) agriculture / farming ;

deforestation ;

effect of (tourist) , boats / divers, described ;

more / increased , pollution ;

sewage / eutrophication , in sea / water ;

oil / fuel , spill in sea ;

(humans) hunting / collecting / (over-) fishing ;
competition from introduced species ;

predation / overgrazing , by introduced species ;

(new / named) , diseases / pathogens, introduced ;

Question 20

what are some ways that you can preevent fishing from damageing the ocean ecosystem and what are the problems with them?

Answer 20

Measures
fishing quotas 
mesh size 
species restriction 
trawler size / days at sea 
penalties / sanctions 
monitoring / surveillance 
publicity / public education 

Difficulties
area too large 
expense of monitoring 
monitoring hampered by, weather / seasons 
false reporting of, catches / trawler size / mesh size / days
death of fish caught but not kept (because of restrictions) 