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Biology OCR A Alevel > Communicable Diseases And Antibiotics > Flashcards

Communicable Diseases And Antibiotics Flashcards

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1
Q

Name 3 bacterial diseases and what organisms they effect

A

Tuberculosis effects humans and cows

Bacterial meningitis effects humans

Ring rot effects potatoes and tomatoes

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2
Q

Name 3 viral diseases and what organisms they effect

A

HIV/AIDS effects humans

Influenza effects animals

Tobacco mosaic virus effects plants

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3
Q

Name 2 diseases caused by protoctista and what organisms they effect

A

Malaria effects animals

Potato/tomato late blight

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4
Q

Name 3 fungal diseases and what organisms they effect

A

Black Sigatoka effects banana plants

Ringworm effects cattle

Athletes foot effects humans

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5
Q

Name 3 chemicals that plants produce in defence of pathogens

A

Saponins which destroy fungal cell membranes

Phytoalexins which inhibit growth of fungi

Pyrethrins - insecticides toxic to insects and fungi

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6
Q

Where do plants deposit callose

A

Between plant cell walls and cell membrane in cells next to infected cells

Blacks sieve plates in phloem

Plasmodesmata

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7
Q

What is added to callose to make the physical defence even thicker and stronger?

A

Lignin

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8
Q
  1. Damaged tissue stimulates ________
  2. ________ release _________ and _______
  3. __________ causes blood vsssels to contract and reduce blood supply

__________ catalyses _________ to react with Ca+ to form thrombin

  1. Thrombin catalyses _____ to form fibrin which forms a clot
  2. Clot dries out forming a hard tough scab
  3. _________ cells below scab start to grow sealing wound while blood vessels regrow
  4. ___________ _______ deposited to give strength
  5. Scab sloughs off
A 
Platelets
Platelets 
Seratonin 
Thromboplastin
Seratonin
Thromboplastin
Prothrombin
Fibrogen
Epidermal
Collagen fibres
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9
Q

Name 5 non specific defences humans have against pathogens

A 
Skin
Blood clotting
Wound repair
Inflammation 
Expulsive reflexes
Mucous membranes
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10
Q

Describe the events in the inflammatory response

A

Mast cells are activated in damaged tissues

These release histamines and cytokines

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11
Q

What do histamines do?

A

Make blood vessels dialate - causing localised heat and redness

Heat prevents pathogen reproducing

Make blood vessels leaky so plasma is forced out into tissue fluid causing swelling

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12
Q

What do cytokines do?

A

They attract phagocytes to the site

Increase temperature and stumulate the specific immune response

Are produced when phagocyte engulfs a pathogen

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13
Q

What do opsonins do?

A

Bind to pathogens and make them more easily recognised by phagocytes

Phagocytes bond to receptors on opsonin and engulf the pathogen with it

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14
Q

The 4 types of T-lymphocyte

A
  1. T helper
    CD4 receptors which bind to APC
    Produce interleukins
    Stimulate B cells, macrophages and antibody production
  2. T killer
    Produce perforin which destroys the pathogen carrying the antigen by making holes in its cell membrane
  3. T memory
    Take part in the immunological memory and can divide rapidly into many t killer
  4. T regulator
    Surprise the immune system to prevent an autoimmune response
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15
Q

What do agglutinins do?

A

Causes pathogens carrying antigen-antibody complexes to clump together
Prevents ability to spread and allows phagocytes to engulf a number of pathogens at the same time

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16
Q

WhT do Anti-toxins do?

A

Bind to toxins produced by pathogens making them harmless

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17
Q

Name two autoimmune diseases and describe what they do

A

Lupus-
immune system attacks connective tissue cells - damaged tissue and causes painful inflammation

Arthritis
Immune system attacks cells in the joints causing pain and inflammation

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18
Q

Name two antibiotic resistant bacterias

A

MRSA
serious wound infections

Clostridium Difficile
Produces toxins which damage lining of digestive system
Found in the gut, effects people who have used lots of antibiotics which have killed off healthy bacteria in gut

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19
Q

What is tuberculosis?

A

A bacterial disease affecting animal populations

It damages and destroys lung tissue and damages the immune system so the body is less able to fight off other diseases

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20
Q

What is meningitis?

A

Affects 15-19 humans

A bacterial infection of the meninges of the brain which is a protective membrane of the surface of the brain

This can spread to the rest of the body causing septicaemia

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21
Q

What is ring rot?

A

Bacterial disease of tomatoes potatoes and aubergines

It damages leaves, tubers and fruit

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22
Q

What is HIV/AIDS?

A

Viral disease affecting humans

Targets t helper cells and the immune system, destroying it opening to further infection

Passed on by bodily fluid

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23
Q

What is influenza?

A

Viral infection affecting animals

Infection of ciliates epithelial cells in the gas exchange system killing them and leaving airways open to secondary infection

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24
Q

What is tobacco mosaic virus?

A

Viral disease affecting plants

Damages leaves, flowers and fruit. It stunts the growth

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25
Q

What is malaria?

A

Protoctista spread by mosquito vector by bites

It invades red blood cells and liver and brain

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26
Q

What is potato/ tomato late blight?

A

Protoctista which destroys leaves tubers and fruit

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27
Q

What is black Sigatoka?

A

A fungal disease affecting bananas

Attacks and destroys leaves by digesting the cells turning them black

28
Q

What is ringworm?

A

Fungal disease affecting cattle

Causes grey white crusty infectious areas of skin that are itchy

29
Q

What is athletes foot?

A

Fungal disease affecting humans

Form of ring work that grows and digests the warm moist skin between the toes causing cracking and scaling

30
Q

Give 3 examples or direct transmission?

A

Direct contact

Inoculation

Ingestion

31
Q

Give 4 examples of indirect transmition in animals?

A

Formites- inanimate objects

Droplet infection

Vectors

Water

32
Q

An example of indirect transmission in plants?

A

Spores of protoctista or fungi in the soil left by infected plants which then infect the next crop

33
Q

Describe phagocytosis

A

Pathogens produce chemicals that attract phagocytes

The phagocytes recognise non human proteins on the pathogen

The phagocyte the engulfs pathogen into a vacuole- phagosome

The phagosome bonds with lysosome contain hydrolytic enzymes which digest and destroy pathogens

34
Q

What extra step do macrophages do after phagocytosis?

A

It combines antigens from the pathogen with glycoproteins in the cytoplasm called the major histocompatibity complex (MHC)

This is moved to the macrophages surface membrane becoming anAPC the antigens stimulate other cells involved in the specific immune response

35
Q

What are 2 phagocytes and their cellular structure?

A

Neutrophils - multilobed nucleus

Macrophage - round nucleus

36
Q

What is cell mediated immunity?

A

The response of the t lymphocytes to cells of an organism that have been changed in a way for example by a virus infection or by mutation leading to cancer

37
Q

Describe cell mediated immunity

A

Macrophages engulf pathogens in phagocytosis forming apc

Specific t helper cells fit the antigens on apc activating the t helper cell

T helper cell produces interleukins that stimulate phagocytosis, B cells to divide, and t helper cells to divide rapidly by mitosis- all carry correct antigen to bind to pathogen

Also develop into t memory or t killer

38
Q

What are t helper cells?

A

Cd4 receptor on cell surface that bind to antigens on APCs

Produce interleukins which are a type of cytokines which stimulate activity of B cells and therefore increase antibody production and also stimulates production of their T cells and attracts and stimulates macrophages to ingest pathogens with antigen-antibody complexes

39
Q

What are t killer cells?

A

Destroy pathogen carrying the antigen as they produce performing which kills pathogen by making holes in the cell membrane so it is freely permeable

40
Q

What are t memory cells?

A

Love for a long time and part of immunological memory- If they meet an antigen a second tone they divide rapidly to form lots of t killer cells

41
Q

What are t regulator cells?3

A

Suppress immune system to prevent autoimmune response

42
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

When the body responds to antigens found outside the cells for example bacteria, fungi and APCs

it produces antibodies

43
Q

Describe humoral immunity

A

Activated t helper cells bind to B cell apc - clonal selection- correct antibodies B cell is selected

Interleukins produced by activated T cell activate B cells

Activated B cells divided by mitosis to give clones of plasma cells and b memory cells - clonal expansion

Cloned plasma cells produce antibodies that fit on surface of antigen and disable them or act as opsonins or agglutinins

44
Q

Name two autoimmune diseases

A

Lupus and arthritis

45
Q

What is arthritis?

A

Autoimmune disease affecting joints

Treated by anti inflammatory drugs, steroids and immunosuppressants

46
Q

What is lupus?

A

Autoimmune disease affecting skin and joints causing fatigue

Treated by anti inflammatory drugs, steroids, immunosuppressants

47
Q

Give an example of natural active immunity

A

The specific immune response

48
Q

Give an example of natural passive immunity

A

Mothers breast milk- colostrum contains lots of antibodies

49
Q

Give an example of artificial active immunity

A

Vaccine

50
Q

Give an example of artificial passive immunity

A

Antibodies formed in an individual then extracted and injected into another- doesn’t last very long

Eg tetanus antibodies produced by horses injected into humans that may have been exposed

51
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

Dead, inactive, weakened, toxins of a pathogen are injected in small amounts

Primary immune response is triggered producing antibodies and memory cells

If come into contact with live pathogen secondary immune response is triggered and destroy pathogen rapidly

52
Q

Describe the secondary immune response

A

when infected with pathogen again B memory cells divide rapidly to form plasma cell clones

This produces the right antibody and wiped out pathogen before symptoms can occur

53
Q

Give an example of microorganisms used in medicine?

A

Penicillin from bacteria found on mould on melons used as an antibiotic

54
Q

Give an example of plants used in medicine

A

Aspirin from willow bark

Pain killer and anticoagulant and anti inflammatory

55
Q

What is personalised medicine?

A

Using a combination of drugs that work with the individuals combination of genetics and disease

56
Q

What is synthetic biology?

A

Developing populations of bacteria to produce much needed drugs that would be too rare

57
Q

What is MRSA?

A

Antibiotic resistant disease that causes boils and abscesses and septicaemia

Resistant to penicillin and methicillin resistant strains

58
Q

What is C. difficile ?

A

Antibiotic resistant disease that produces toxins that damage the lining of the intestines and cause diarrhoea and bleeding

Occur if use of antibiotics kill most helpful bacteria in gut so it can survive and reproduce

59
Q

what is meant by the term autoimmune disease?

A

abnormal immune response (1)

against tissues normally in the body (1)

60
Q

outline the processes that lead to the production of antibodies against unfamiliar bacterium

A

B cells / lymphocytes, have, antigen receptor / carry
antibody, on surface, specific / complimentary to, only one antigen

selected / activated, B cell, proliferates / clones / divides by mitosis

forms / differentiates into, plasma / effector, cells

which secrete antibodies specific / complementary, to
antigen

61
Q

explain how memory cells cause differences between the first ifection of a pathogen and the second infection of the same pathogen?

A

(memory cells) not acting in, first line / primary response

(memory cells) remained in blood after primary response

one of the above linked to
so no wait for / faster, clonal selection

62
Q

discuss the overuse of antibiotics when people do not show symptoms

A

two from
(antibiotic is) selective pressure 
(bacterial) gene pool / AW, has variation 
(only) some bacteria have resistance / some bacteria are
more resistant than others 

two from
when exposed (to antibiotic) most-resistant survive 
surviving bacteria continue to reproduce to make a
resistant population 
idea that over many generations there is an increase in
proportion of resistant bacteria (under continued antibiotic
pressure) 
antibiotic becomes ineffective / new antibiotic needed

63
Q

what is the role of opsonins in phagocytosis?

A

bind to antigen on pathogen and assists binding to phagocyte

64
Q

why does bleeding stop after being cut?

A

• exposure (of blood / platelets) to collagen in
damaged, blood vessel / tissue causes clotting
response
• many factors involved in clotting process
• soluble fibrinogen converted to insoluble fibres
• mesh of fibres traps cells and platelets
• clot prevents bleeding
• clot dries out to produce scab
• scab protects against entry of pathogens

65
Q

why do you get swelling/redness/tenderness after getting a cut?

A

• infection by pathogen
• detection by mast cells
• release of, histamine / cell signals, cause
response
• arterioles dilate allowing more blood to area
causing redness
• more tissue fluid forms causing swelling
(oedema)
• phagocytes attracted to area
• phagocytosis of pathogens

66
Q

why could there be discomfort in armpit after cut to the hand?

A

• excess tissue fluid drained to lymph vessels
• pathogens in tissue fluid enter lymph fluid
• transported along lymph system to lymph nodes
• activity of phagocytes (and lymphocytes)
causes, swelling of lymph nodes / discomfort in
armpit

Biology OCR A Alevel (26 decks)

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