Communicable Diseases And Antibiotics Flashcards
Name 3 bacterial diseases and what organisms they effect
Tuberculosis effects humans and cows
Bacterial meningitis effects humans
Ring rot effects potatoes and tomatoes
Name 3 viral diseases and what organisms they effect
HIV/AIDS effects humans
Influenza effects animals
Tobacco mosaic virus effects plants
Name 2 diseases caused by protoctista and what organisms they effect
Malaria effects animals
Potato/tomato late blight
Name 3 fungal diseases and what organisms they effect
Black Sigatoka effects banana plants
Ringworm effects cattle
Athletes foot effects humans
Name 3 chemicals that plants produce in defence of pathogens
Saponins which destroy fungal cell membranes
Phytoalexins which inhibit growth of fungi
Pyrethrins - insecticides toxic to insects and fungi
Where do plants deposit callose
Between plant cell walls and cell membrane in cells next to infected cells
Blacks sieve plates in phloem
Plasmodesmata
What is added to callose to make the physical defence even thicker and stronger?
Lignin
- Damaged tissue stimulates ________
- ________ release _________ and _______
- __________ causes blood vsssels to contract and reduce blood supply
__________ catalyses _________ to react with Ca+ to form thrombin
- Thrombin catalyses _____ to form fibrin which forms a clot
- Clot dries out forming a hard tough scab
- _________ cells below scab start to grow sealing wound while blood vessels regrow
- ___________ _______ deposited to give strength
- Scab sloughs off
Platelets Platelets Seratonin Thromboplastin Seratonin Thromboplastin Prothrombin Fibrogen Epidermal Collagen fibres
Name 5 non specific defences humans have against pathogens
Skin Blood clotting Wound repair Inflammation Expulsive reflexes Mucous membranes
Describe the events in the inflammatory response
Mast cells are activated in damaged tissues
These release histamines and cytokines
What do histamines do?
Make blood vessels dialate - causing localised heat and redness
Heat prevents pathogen reproducing
Make blood vessels leaky so plasma is forced out into tissue fluid causing swelling
What do cytokines do?
They attract phagocytes to the site
Increase temperature and stumulate the specific immune response
Are produced when phagocyte engulfs a pathogen
What do opsonins do?
Bind to pathogens and make them more easily recognised by phagocytes
Phagocytes bond to receptors on opsonin and engulf the pathogen with it
The 4 types of T-lymphocyte
- T helper
CD4 receptors which bind to APC
Produce interleukins
Stimulate B cells, macrophages and antibody production - T killer
Produce perforin which destroys the pathogen carrying the antigen by making holes in its cell membrane - T memory
Take part in the immunological memory and can divide rapidly into many t killer - T regulator
Surprise the immune system to prevent an autoimmune response
What do agglutinins do?
Causes pathogens carrying antigen-antibody complexes to clump together
Prevents ability to spread and allows phagocytes to engulf a number of pathogens at the same time
WhT do Anti-toxins do?
Bind to toxins produced by pathogens making them harmless
Name two autoimmune diseases and describe what they do
Lupus-
immune system attacks connective tissue cells - damaged tissue and causes painful inflammation
Arthritis
Immune system attacks cells in the joints causing pain and inflammation
Name two antibiotic resistant bacterias
MRSA
serious wound infections
Clostridium Difficile
Produces toxins which damage lining of digestive system
Found in the gut, effects people who have used lots of antibiotics which have killed off healthy bacteria in gut
What is tuberculosis?
A bacterial disease affecting animal populations
It damages and destroys lung tissue and damages the immune system so the body is less able to fight off other diseases
What is meningitis?
Affects 15-19 humans
A bacterial infection of the meninges of the brain which is a protective membrane of the surface of the brain
This can spread to the rest of the body causing septicaemia
What is ring rot?
Bacterial disease of tomatoes potatoes and aubergines
It damages leaves, tubers and fruit
What is HIV/AIDS?
Viral disease affecting humans
Targets t helper cells and the immune system, destroying it opening to further infection
Passed on by bodily fluid
What is influenza?
Viral infection affecting animals
Infection of ciliates epithelial cells in the gas exchange system killing them and leaving airways open to secondary infection
What is tobacco mosaic virus?
Viral disease affecting plants
Damages leaves, flowers and fruit. It stunts the growth
What is malaria?
Protoctista spread by mosquito vector by bites
It invades red blood cells and liver and brain
What is potato/ tomato late blight?
Protoctista which destroys leaves tubers and fruit
What is black Sigatoka?
A fungal disease affecting bananas
Attacks and destroys leaves by digesting the cells turning them black
What is ringworm?
Fungal disease affecting cattle
Causes grey white crusty infectious areas of skin that are itchy
What is athletes foot?
Fungal disease affecting humans
Form of ring work that grows and digests the warm moist skin between the toes causing cracking and scaling
Give 3 examples or direct transmission?
Direct contact
Inoculation
Ingestion
Give 4 examples of indirect transmition in animals?
Formites- inanimate objects
Droplet infection
Vectors
Water
An example of indirect transmission in plants?
Spores of protoctista or fungi in the soil left by infected plants which then infect the next crop
Describe phagocytosis
Pathogens produce chemicals that attract phagocytes
The phagocytes recognise non human proteins on the pathogen
The phagocyte the engulfs pathogen into a vacuole- phagosome
The phagosome bonds with lysosome contain hydrolytic enzymes which digest and destroy pathogens
What extra step do macrophages do after phagocytosis?
It combines antigens from the pathogen with glycoproteins in the cytoplasm called the major histocompatibity complex (MHC)
This is moved to the macrophages surface membrane becoming anAPC the antigens stimulate other cells involved in the specific immune response
What are 2 phagocytes and their cellular structure?
Neutrophils - multilobed nucleus
Macrophage - round nucleus
What is cell mediated immunity?
The response of the t lymphocytes to cells of an organism that have been changed in a way for example by a virus infection or by mutation leading to cancer
Describe cell mediated immunity
Macrophages engulf pathogens in phagocytosis forming apc
Specific t helper cells fit the antigens on apc activating the t helper cell
T helper cell produces interleukins that stimulate phagocytosis, B cells to divide, and t helper cells to divide rapidly by mitosis- all carry correct antigen to bind to pathogen
Also develop into t memory or t killer
What are t helper cells?
Cd4 receptor on cell surface that bind to antigens on APCs
Produce interleukins which are a type of cytokines which stimulate activity of B cells and therefore increase antibody production and also stimulates production of their T cells and attracts and stimulates macrophages to ingest pathogens with antigen-antibody complexes
What are t killer cells?
Destroy pathogen carrying the antigen as they produce performing which kills pathogen by making holes in the cell membrane so it is freely permeable
What are t memory cells?
Love for a long time and part of immunological memory- If they meet an antigen a second tone they divide rapidly to form lots of t killer cells
What are t regulator cells?3
Suppress immune system to prevent autoimmune response
What is humoral immunity?
When the body responds to antigens found outside the cells for example bacteria, fungi and APCs
it produces antibodies
Describe humoral immunity
Activated t helper cells bind to B cell apc - clonal selection- correct antibodies B cell is selected
Interleukins produced by activated T cell activate B cells
Activated B cells divided by mitosis to give clones of plasma cells and b memory cells - clonal expansion
Cloned plasma cells produce antibodies that fit on surface of antigen and disable them or act as opsonins or agglutinins
Name two autoimmune diseases
Lupus and arthritis
What is arthritis?
Autoimmune disease affecting joints
Treated by anti inflammatory drugs, steroids and immunosuppressants
What is lupus?
Autoimmune disease affecting skin and joints causing fatigue
Treated by anti inflammatory drugs, steroids, immunosuppressants
Give an example of natural active immunity
The specific immune response
Give an example of natural passive immunity
Mothers breast milk- colostrum contains lots of antibodies
Give an example of artificial active immunity
Vaccine
Give an example of artificial passive immunity
Antibodies formed in an individual then extracted and injected into another- doesn’t last very long
Eg tetanus antibodies produced by horses injected into humans that may have been exposed
How do vaccines work?
Dead, inactive, weakened, toxins of a pathogen are injected in small amounts
Primary immune response is triggered producing antibodies and memory cells
If come into contact with live pathogen secondary immune response is triggered and destroy pathogen rapidly
Describe the secondary immune response
when infected with pathogen again B memory cells divide rapidly to form plasma cell clones
This produces the right antibody and wiped out pathogen before symptoms can occur
Give an example of microorganisms used in medicine?
Penicillin from bacteria found on mould on melons used as an antibiotic
Give an example of plants used in medicine
Aspirin from willow bark
Pain killer and anticoagulant and anti inflammatory
What is personalised medicine?
Using a combination of drugs that work with the individuals combination of genetics and disease
What is synthetic biology?
Developing populations of bacteria to produce much needed drugs that would be too rare
What is MRSA?
Antibiotic resistant disease that causes boils and abscesses and septicaemia
Resistant to penicillin and methicillin resistant strains
What is C. difficile ?
Antibiotic resistant disease that produces toxins that damage the lining of the intestines and cause diarrhoea and bleeding
Occur if use of antibiotics kill most helpful bacteria in gut so it can survive and reproduce
what is meant by the term autoimmune disease?
abnormal immune response (1)
against tissues normally in the body (1)
outline the processes that lead to the production of antibodies against unfamiliar bacterium
B cells / lymphocytes, have, antigen receptor / carry
antibody, on surface, specific / complimentary to, only one antigen
selected / activated, B cell, proliferates / clones / divides by mitosis
forms / differentiates into, plasma / effector, cells
which secrete antibodies specific / complementary, to
antigen
explain how memory cells cause differences between the first ifection of a pathogen and the second infection of the same pathogen?
(memory cells) not acting in, first line / primary response
(memory cells) remained in blood after primary response
one of the above linked to
so no wait for / faster, clonal selection
discuss the overuse of antibiotics when people do not show symptoms
two from
(antibiotic is) selective pressure
(bacterial) gene pool / AW, has variation
(only) some bacteria have resistance / some bacteria are
more resistant than others
two from
when exposed (to antibiotic) most-resistant survive
surviving bacteria continue to reproduce to make a
resistant population
idea that over many generations there is an increase in
proportion of resistant bacteria (under continued antibiotic
pressure)
antibiotic becomes ineffective / new antibiotic needed
what is the role of opsonins in phagocytosis?
bind to antigen on pathogen and assists binding to phagocyte
why does bleeding stop after being cut?
• exposure (of blood / platelets) to collagen in
damaged, blood vessel / tissue causes clotting
response
• many factors involved in clotting process
• soluble fibrinogen converted to insoluble fibres
• mesh of fibres traps cells and platelets
• clot prevents bleeding
• clot dries out to produce scab
• scab protects against entry of pathogens
why do you get swelling/redness/tenderness after getting a cut?
• infection by pathogen
• detection by mast cells
• release of, histamine / cell signals, cause
response
• arterioles dilate allowing more blood to area
causing redness
• more tissue fluid forms causing swelling
(oedema)
• phagocytes attracted to area
• phagocytosis of pathogens
why could there be discomfort in armpit after cut to the hand?
• excess tissue fluid drained to lymph vessels
• pathogens in tissue fluid enter lymph fluid
• transported along lymph system to lymph nodes
• activity of phagocytes (and lymphocytes)
causes, swelling of lymph nodes / discomfort in
armpit
