Translation

Question 1

Use of mRNA as a template for polypeptide production

Answer 1

Translation

Question 2

Each amino acid contains:

Answer 2

-Amino terminus
-Carboxyl terminus
-R side groups
-Peptide bond linkages

Question 3

Each polypeptide contains:

Answer 3

-Amino terminus
-Carboxy terminus

Question 4

Direct relationship between the linear sequence of nucleotide bases within a gene (the DNA) and the primary structure of the protein the gene codes for

Answer 4

Colinearity

Question 5

Unit of three nucleotide bases in mRNA that specified an amino acid

Answer 5

Codon

Question 6

Complete set of codons; amino acid relationships found universally in living organisms

Answer 6

Genetic code

Question 7

There are 64 codons and 20 amino acids. Therefore there is ____ within the genetic code

Answer 7

Redundancy

Question 8

3rd codon does not necessarily attach to the tRNA, and may only be used for small variations in nucleotides

Answer 8

Wobble Hypothesis

Question 9

The three initiation factors of translation are:

Answer 9

1. mRNA attached by a 30s ribosome subunit
2. tRNA carrying MET attaches to mRNA
3. Next subunit (50s) of ribosome attaches

Question 10

The ribosome shifts toward the 3’ end of the messenger RNA

Answer 10

Translocation

Question 11

mRNA is read in the ___ direction (opposite of replication or transcription)

Answer 11

5’ to 3’

Question 12

The ribosome pauses at a designated ___ codon, and the components which assembled during initiation dissassemble

Answer 12

Stop

Question 13

In prokaryotes, translation begins ___ the mRNA is actually completely synthesized

Answer 13

Before

Question 14

Heritable change in an organism’s genetic composition

Answer 14

Mutation

Question 15

Single nucleotide mutation

Answer 15

Point mutation

Question 16

Mutation in major portion of the chromosome

Answer 16

Cytogenetic Aberrations

Question 17

Purine to Purine (or Pyrimidine to Pyrimidine) mutation

Answer 17

Transition

Question 18

Purine to Pyrimidine mutation

Answer 18

Transversion

Question 19

Due to degenerate code, no change in function

Answer 19

Silent

Question 20

One switch with a broad range of phenotypic effects

Answer 20

Missense

Question 21

Creation of a stop codon

Answer 21

Nonsense

Question 22

Addition or deletion of nucleotides. Affects all codons and is detrimental to the function of the protein/phenotypic development

Answer 22

Frameshift

Question 23

Up-promoter mutations ___ the consensus sequence, enhancing transcription

Answer 23

Perfect

Question 24

Down-promoter mutations add ____ to the consensus sequence and reduce transcription

Answer 24

Irregularities

Question 25

Reduces survival, short term, reduces reproductive ability

Answer 25

Deleterious

Question 26

Is the cause of death of the organism

Answer 26

Lethal

Question 27

Improves reproductive ability. Improved health/survival, short term

Answer 27

Beneficial

Question 28

The effect is limited to very specific environmental conditions: i.e, a certain temperature range

Answer 28

Conditional

Question 29

One tissue area will express this mutation, not all the cells of the organism

Answer 29

Mosaic Expression

Question 30

Occurs in a cell that cannot produce a gamete

Answer 30

Somatic Cell Mutation

Question 31

Occurs in the production of a gamete, or in an oogonium or spermatogonium

Answer 31

Germ Line mutation

Question 32

The entire organism will express this mutation

Answer 32

Constitutional Expression