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Genetics > Mendelian Genetics > Flashcards

Mendelian Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Analysis of the inheritance of physical characteristics from parent to offspring

A

Mendelian Genetics

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2
Q

Monohybrid crosses yield a ___ phenotypic ration and a ___ genotypic ratio

A

3:1 and 1:2:1

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3
Q

___ prove the Law of Dominance and Law of Segregation

A

Monohybrid Crosses

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4
Q

___ yield a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ration and a 1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1 genotypic ratio

A

Dihybrid Crosses

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5
Q

Dihybrid Crosses prove the ____

A

Law of Independent Assortment

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6
Q

Mating experiment in which the inheritance pattern of a single trait is followed

A

Monohybrid Cross

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7
Q

Mating experiment in which the inheritance of two traits is followed simultaneously

A

Dihybrid Cross

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8
Q

A genetic cross in which two parental organisms are genetically identical

A

Self-Cross

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9
Q

The pair of genetic factors an organism possesses for a certain trait

A

Genotype

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10
Q

The observable physical manifestation of a certain trait

A

Phenotype

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11
Q

One of the possible variations of a trait’s expression

A

Allele

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12
Q

The allele of a gene that is observed in hybrid organisms

A

Dominant

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13
Q

The allele of a gene that is not observed in hybrid organisms

A

Recessive

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14
Q

Describes a genotype in which the two alleles are identical

A

Homozygous

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15
Q

Describes a genotype in which the two alleles are different

A

Heterozygous

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16
Q

A genetic cross in which an organism of unknown genotype is crossed with an organism known to be homozygous recessive

A

Test-Cross

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17
Q

A chart that depicts the results of a genetic cross

A

Punnett Square

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18
Q

Neither allele is truly dominant. Heterozygous organisms exhibit an intermediate phenotype

A

Incomplete Dominance

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19
Q

Both alleles exhibit dominance, neither is masked. Heterozygous organisms exhibit both alleles simultaneously

A

Codominance

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20
Q

More than two potential variants/alleles exist in the population. There are more possible genotypes for these traits

A

Multiple Alleles

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21
Q

Many characteristics are controlled by the combined influence of several genes. The result is a very broad range of phenotypes for the characteristic. E.g. Pigmentation

A

Polygenic Inheritance

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22
Q

One gene/locus may affect several phenotypes

A

Pleiotropy

23
Q

Less than 100% of the individuals who are genetically expected to exhibit a certain phenotype actually exhibit that phenotype

A

Incomplete Penetrance

24
Q

The degree to which a trait is expressed varies greatly among individuals bearing the associated genotype

A

Variable Expressivity

25
Q

Sex can prevent the expression of some autosomal genes (Ovarian development)

A

Sex Limited

26
Q

Sex (Male v Female) can modify the expression of some autosomal genes (Pattern Baldness)

A

Sex Influenced

27
Q

Two non-allelic genes interact. One genotype masks (prevents) the expression of a phenotype for the other gene

A

Epistasis

28
Q

There may be multiple genetic sources of the same mutant phenotype

A

Complementation

29
Q

In some genes, the mother’s phenotype influences how the offspring’s genotype is expressed as a phenotype

A

Maternal Effect

30
Q

Way of “marking” a gene for cellular recognition.

A

Imprinting

31
Q

Adding ___ to the cytosine nucleotides is one way to mark/imprint a gene

A

Methyl groups

32
Q

During gamete formation or early embryonic development, a gene can be inactivated

A

Epigenectics

33
Q

The Slipper limpet (a sea mollusk) embryo develops a certain gender in response to the surface upon which the embryo lands. If it lands on sand or on a male, develops as a female. If it lands on a female, it develops as a male

A

Environmental Determination

34
Q

Refers to a pair of chromosomes that have different composition

A

Heteromorphic

35
Q

Refers to homologous chromosome pairs, not direct determinants of sex

A

Autosomes

36
Q

The sex/gender possessing a homologous pair of sex determination chromosomes

A

Homogametic

37
Q

The sex/gender possessing a mismatched (hetermorphic) pair of sex determination chromosomes

A

Heterogametic

38
Q

In ___ the ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes is the basic determining factor

A

Drosophila

39
Q

XX Numerator homodimers are a transcription activator for a gene on the X chromosome called __

A

Sxl

40
Q

The ___ is made early in female development. It stimulates the activity of a second gene, called tra

A

SXL peptide

41
Q

Expression of __ directs the editing/splicing of a third gene, dsx

A

Tra

42
Q

When tra is active, __ is spliced in a different way, ultimately leading to the molecules needed for male structures

A

Dsx

43
Q

___ plays a significant role in the development of sex phenotypes in Drosophila

A

Epistasis

44
Q

All early embryos have a ___ that includes a medulla and a cortex

A

Pre-gonad

45
Q

Can be induced to develop testes

A

Medulla

46
Q

Can be induced to develop into ovaries

A

Cortex

47
Q

If ___ gene is present, it codes for the ___

A

SRY, Testis Determination Factor (TDF)

48
Q

___ boosts androgen gene expression

A

TDF

49
Q

TDF also serves boosts the expression of an autosomal gene called ___

A

MIS

50
Q

___ destroys ovarian tissue that was beginning to form in the

A

MIS

51
Q

___ also suppresses the expression of the Ovarian development genes

A

MIS

52
Q

X chromosomes contain a gene called Xic, it codes for an RNA called ___

A

Xist= X inactivation specific transcript

53
Q

Methylation is an ___ on the X chromosome

A

Imprint

54
Q

Permanently condensed X chromosomes

A

Barr Bodies

Genetics (12 decks)

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