Cell Division Flashcards
Molecule used as the carrier of genetic information in living organisms; passed from parent to offspring and directs the expression of characteristics
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
An organism’s complete set of inheritance information
Genome
Subset of an organism’s genome that directs the inheritance and production of a polypeptide
Gene
Physical position a gene occupies within a genome
Locus
One of multiple variations expressing a gene
Allele
Organized package of DNA found in the nucleus of a cell
Chromosome
Combination of decondensed DNA and proteins that fill a eukaryotic nucleus. The material that gets organized into chromosomes
Chromatin
Cells of all body tissues in a sexually reproducing organism except those used to produce new organisms
Somatic Cells
__ pairs are gained from the male and female parent
Chromosome
Chromosome pairs are ___ meaning the 2 member pairs contain the same loci in the same order
Homologous
Cells of a sexually reproducing organism that directly contributes to the production of a new organism
Gametes
Count of the number of chromosomes in a cell
Ploidy
Used to describe a cell that has one of each type of chromosome for the species
Haploid
Used to describe a cell that has two of each type of chromosome for the species
Diploid
___ are haploid
Gametes
___ are diploid
Somatic cells
Growth, active metabolism, chromatin expanded, intact nucleus
G1 and G2
Replication of DNA, chromatin expanded, intact nucleus
S Phase
Cell division, visible chromosomes
M Phase
Chromatin condenses into chromosomes (replicated). Nuclear membrane breaks and metabolism slows down
Prophase
Replicated chromosomes align on spindle
Metaphase
Protein disk that connects the centromere of a replicated chromosome to the mitotic spindle (during metaphase)
Kinteochore
Centromeres break, and each replicated chromosome becomes 2 unreplicated chromosomes
Anaphase
Unreplicated chromosomes move toward opposite poles to form new nuclei
Telophase
Separation of cytoplasm into two cells
Cytokinesis
Combines genetic material from two parents to produce a new organism
Sexual Reproduction
Duplicated chromosomes start to condense
Leptotene
Synapsis begins
Zygotene
Synapsis complete; crossing over (genetic recombination) occurs
Pachytene
Synaptonemal complex; disappearing; chiasma visible
Diplotene
Bivalent ready for metaphase
Diakinesis
What does Cdk do?
Phosphorylate a target
Helps to align and orient chromosomes on the mitotic spindle
Cohesin
Connects homologous chromosomes to each other to create a tetrad
Synaptonemal complex
