transitional cell carcinoma

Question 1

what is transitional cell carcinoma?

Answer 1

-carcinoma of the bladder

Question 2

what types of transitional cell carcinoma are there and which is more common?

Answer 2

• Papillary (80%)

- Non papillary (20%)

Question 3

what % of papillary and non papillary TCC are malignant?

Answer 3

papillary - 50% are malignant

non papillary- all are malignant

Question 4

how does TCC present?

Answer 4

painless haematuria

Question 5

what are the risk factors for TCC?

Answer 5

> 50
smoking
exposure to beta- naphthyline (usually exposed to this in occupations using dye)
cyclophosphamide

Question 6

what are the investigations done for TCC?

Answer 6

-Excretory urogram
-Sonography
-Retrograde pyelogram
CT urography= halo sign
-Angiocrapy
-Cytoscopy

Question 7

what is seen on biopsy of papillary TCC?

Answer 7

• finger like projections

- lower grade malignancy

Question 8

what is seen on biopsy of CIS/ non papillary TCC?

Answer 8

• flat lesions

- higher grade malignancy

Question 9

what is the treatment for TCC?

Answer 9

Superficial

• transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT)
• or local diathermy

Invasion into detrusor muscle
- radical cystectomy with nephrostomies

Question 10

what risks are associated with increased risk of SCC of bladder?

Answer 10

• Schistosomiasis infection

- long term catheterisation (10+ years)