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renal > anatomy of lower renal tract and male reproductive tract > Flashcards

anatomy of lower renal tract and male reproductive tract Flashcards

1
Q

what can the pelvis be divided into?

A
  • the false pelvis (light green)

- the true pelvis (pelvic cavity) (dark green)

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2
Q

where do the uters pass in the pelvic cavity?

A

-the uters pass from the retroperitoneum, through the false pelvis and into the true pelvis

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3
Q

where does the false pelvis travel from?

A
  • from the iliac crest to the pelvic inlet

- its part of the abdominal cavity

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4
Q

where does the true pelvis (aka pelvic cavity) travel from?

A

the pelvis inlet to the pelvis floor

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5
Q

where is the bladder found?

A

-in the pelvic cavity (true pelvis)

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6
Q

what does the urethra pass through and into?

A

through the pelvis floor and into the perineum

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7
Q

what forms the pelvis floor?

A

-the ‘bowl shaped’ pelvic diaphragm (muscles)

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8
Q

what is the pelvic diaphragm made up of?

A
  • muscles

- largest of all of them is the levator ani

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9
Q

what do the openings in the pelvic floor allow?

A

-distal parts of the alimentary, renal and reproductive tracts to pass through from the pelvic cavity into the perineum

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10
Q

what is the perineum found between?

A

the area between the anus and genitals, extending from either the vaginal opening to the anus or the scrotum to the anus

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11
Q

where do the ureters sit anatomically in relation to the common iliac vessels?

A

-the ureters pass anterior to the common iliac vessels to enter the pelvis

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12
Q

describe where the ureters run anatomically?

A
  • the ureters pass anterior to the common iliac vessels to enter the pelvis
  • they run anteriorly (along the lateral walls of the pelvis)
  • at the level of the ischial spine, they turn medially to enter the posterior aspect of the bladder

(THIS IS ALL ‘SUB’ PERITONEAL)

-the ureters enter the posterior bladder wall in an inferomedial direction

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13
Q

why do the ureters enter the posterior bladder wall in an inferomedial direction?

A

-to help prevent the reflux of urine back into the ureters when the bladder contracts

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14
Q

what is this?

A

the right ureter

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15
Q

what is this?

A

the right external iliac artery and vein

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16
Q

what is this?

A

the right testicular vessels and vas deferent at the deep inguinal ring

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17
Q

what is this?

A

the right testicular vessels and vas deferens at the deep inguinal ring

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18
Q

what is this?

A

the rectovesicle pouch

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19
Q

what does the rectovesicle pouch form between?

A

-rectum and bladder

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20
Q

why is the rectovesicle pouch referred to as the most dependant part of the peritoneal cavity?

A

-as when someone is standing up this is the deepest part of the peritoneal cavity and where fluid collects

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21
Q

what is this?

A

inferior part of parietal peritoneum (forming the floor of the peritoneal cavity and a roof over the pelvic organs)

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22
Q

what is this?

A

rectouterine pouch (of Douglas)

-this is the most inferior part of the female peritoneum cavity

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23
Q

what is this?

A

vesico-uterine pouch

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24
Q

what is this?

A

right round ligament of the uterus (attaches uterus to the perineum via inguinal canal)

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25
Q

what is this?

A

right uterine tube

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26
Q

what is this?

A

right ovary

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27
Q

what is this?

A

the right ureter

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28
Q

where does the ureter run in a female compared to in the male?

A
  • in the female the ureter runs inferiorly to the uterine tubes and the uterine artery (water under the bridge)
  • in the male the ureter runs inferiorly to the vas deferens
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29
Q

what do most of the arteries entering the pelvis branch from?

A

-the internal iliac artery

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30
Q

where are the ureteric orifices located and what are their role?

A
  • posterior aspect of the base of the bladder

- they are the openings which the bladder will receive urine from the ureters

31
Q

where is the internal urethral orifice found and what is its role?

A
  • it is found on the inferior aspect ‘floor’ of the bladder

- it is the opening where urine can pass from the bladder to the urethra

32
Q

what is the trigone in the bladder?

A
  • the 2 ureteric orifices and the internal urethral orifice form the 3 corners of a triangle shape on the internal aspect of the bladder called the ‘trigone’
  • the trigone is the smooth triangle in the bladder whereas the rest of the bladder is rough
33
Q

what is the main smooth muscle which forms the bladder wall?

A

detrusor muscle

34
Q

what encricles the ureteric orifices?

A

-detruser muscle fibres

35
Q

what role do detruser muscle fibres have in preventing reflux of urine superiorly into the ureter?

A

-detruser muscle fibres form the main bulk of bladder wall and encricle the ureter orifices do when the bladder contracts these muscle fibres tighten on both the wall of the bladder and the ureter orifices, closing them off and preventing reflyx

36
Q

what is different in the male bladder compared to the female bladder and why?

A

-around the neck of the male bladder the drusen muscle forms the internal urethral sphincter muscle which contracts during ejaculation to prevent retrograde ejaculation of semen back into the bladder

37
Q

what is the most anterior organ in the pelvis, lying posterior to the pubic bone?

A

the bladder (when empty)

38
Q

in femaless, what seperates the bladder and the uterus?

A

the uterovesical pouch

-the uterus lies superior to the bladder

39
Q

in the male what lies directly inferior to the bladder?

A

the prostate gland

40
Q

where is the bladder sit when empty compared to full?

A
  • empty it sits in the true pelvis

- full it enters the false pelvis (part of abdominal cavity) its superior part lies superior to the pubic bone

41
Q

what part of the bladder is in contact with the peritoneum?

A

-its superior surface only (this goes for when it is full or empty)

42
Q

what are the 2 routes for cathetirising patients?

A
  • Urethral (more common)
  • suprabuc (through anterior abdominal wall and avoiding peritoneal cavity, usually done when bladder is full as peritoneal cavity is pushed out of the way so it won’t be pierced)
43
Q

what is this?

A

-(empty) bladder

44
Q

what is this?

A

internal urethral orifice

45
Q

what is this?

46
Q

what is this?

A

approx position of the levator ani muscle (the ‘pelvic floor’)

47
Q

what is this?

A

external urethral sphincter (voluntary)

48
Q

what is this?

A

external urethral orifice

49
Q

what is this?

A

the ureter

50
Q

what is this?

A

the internal urethral orifice

51
Q

what is this?

A

the internal urethral sphincter in the bladder neck (involuntary)

52
Q

what is this?

A

the prostate gland

53
Q

what is this?

A

the prostatic urethra

54
Q

what is this?

A

the external urethral sphincter (voluntary)

55
Q

what is this?

A

the external urethral orifice

56
Q

what is this?

A

the spongy urethra (as it is within the part of the penis called the spongiosum)

57
Q

what produces sperm?

A

-seminiferous tubules, in the testes which are in the scrotum

58
Q

where is sperm stored?

A

-in the epididymis

59
Q

describe the route of sperm

A
  • sperm produced in seminiferous tubules in the testes
  • stored in the epididymis
  • travels along the vas deferens
  • vas deferens will then pass into the spermatic cord and through the abdominal wall through the inguinal canal
  • sperm will then pass from vas deferens to the seminal gland (where semen is produced)
  • sperm and semen then passes into ejaculatory duct
  • ejaculatory duct passes into the prostate gland where it joins with the prostatic urethra
  • semen and sperm pass from prostatic urethra to the spongy urethra before passing through the external urethral orifice
60
Q

where are the testes found in the embryo?

A
  • in the posterior abdominal wall

- they will descend and pass through the abdominal wall through the inguinal canal to pass into the scrotum

61
Q

what is found in the spermatic cord?

A
  • testicular artery
  • testicular vein
  • vas deferens
  • lymphatic draining testis
  • nerves
  • somatic muscle
62
Q

inside the scrotum, the testis sit within a sac, what is this sac called?

A

tunica vaginalis

63
Q

what are the two layers of the tunica vaginalis?

A
  • visceral layer of tunica vaginalis
  • parietal layer of tunica vaginalis

and they have a space between them where fluid often collects

64
Q

what is a hydrocele?

A

-when there is excess build up of fluid in the tunica vaginalis between the visceral and parietal layer

65
Q

what arteries and veins supply the testes?

A
  • right and left testicular artery
  • right testicular vein that dreins into inferior vena cava
  • left testicular vein drains into the left renal vein
66
Q

where does the vas deferens sit in relation to the ureter?

A

vas deferens sit anteriorly to ureter

67
Q

what zone of the prostate is felt on digital rectal examination?

A

peripheral zone

68
Q

where do most prostate cancers arise?

A

peripheral zone

69
Q

what are the 3 cylinders of erectile tissue?

A
  • right andf left corpus cavernosum
  • corpus spongiosum

these 3 cylinders become engorged with blood on erection

70
Q

what supplies blood to the penis?

A

-deep arteries of the penis which are branches of the internal pudendal artery (from the internal iliac)

71
Q

what supplies blood to the scrotum?

A

-the internal pudendal and branches from the external iliac artery

72
Q

where does lymph from the scrotum and most of the penis (not the glands) drain to?

A

-superficial inguinal lymph nodes found in the superficial fascia of the groin

73
Q

where does lymph from the testis drain to?

A

-lumbar nodes around the abdominal aorta

renal (37 decks)

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