transfer of skills

Question 1

what are the five types of transfer?

Answer 1

positive, negative, proactive, retroactive and bilateral

Question 2

define: proactive transfer

Answer 2

when the learning of a previously learned skill affects the learning of a current skill

Question 3

define: retroactive transfer

Answer 3

when the learning of a current skill affects the learning of a previously learned skill

Question 4

define: positive transfer

Answer 4

when the learning of one skill aids the learning of another skill

Question 5

define: negative transfer

Answer 5

when the learning of one skill hinders the learning of another skill

Question 6

define: bilateral transfer

Answer 6

when learning a skill can be transferred from a limb on one side of the body to the other

Question 7

what can proactive and retroactive transfer also be?

Answer 7

positive or negative

Question 8

whats a sporting example of proactive transfer?

Answer 8

e.g. jumping techniques learned as a child can affect the learning of performing a triple jump as an adult.

Question 9

whats a sporting example of retroactive transfer?

Answer 9

e.g. the current learning of basketball defensive skills can affect the previously learned netball defensive skills

Question 10

whats a sporting example of positive transfer?

Answer 10

e.g.the action of throwing a tennis ball overarm can aid the learning of throwing a javelin

Question 11

whats a sporting example of negative transfer?

Answer 11

e.g. a tennis players firm racket grip hinders the learning of a badminton players cocked wrist action

Question 12

whats a sporting example of bilateral feedback?

Answer 12

e.g. a basketball player performing a right hand layup and a left hand layup

Question 13

describe using examples, 3 waysthe of limiting the effects of negative transfer

Answer 13

1. the environment in which the skill is learned must match the real situation, e.g. recreating the game situation when practising passing in football.
2. avoid teaching conflicting skills at the same time as it might cause confusion, e.g. don’t teach badminton and tennis strokes at the same time because they transfer negatively.
3. the environment in which the skill is learned must match the real situation, e.g. practice passing in a game situation in football

Question 14

describe using examples, 3 ways of optimising the effects of positive transfer

Answer 14

1. the original skill must be grooved or overlearned, e.g. the correct throwing action must be well learned before its transferred to a tennis serve.
2. give the learner positive reinforcement when the transfer is successful, e.g. saying ‘well done’ when the javelin throw has successfully been transferred from a throwing action
3. dont teach conflicting skills at the same time, e.g. dont teach basketball shooting and netball shooting in consecutive lessons