methods of practice Flashcards
what are the eight methods of practice?
- whole
- part
- whole-part-whole
- progressive part
- massed
- distributed
- varied
- fixed
description of ‘whole practice method?’
does not involve breaking the skill into subroutines
- the movement is attempted in its entirety and learned in complete form
skill classification examples for the ‘whole practice method’
high organisation skills
advantages of ‘whole practice method’
- good for kinaesthetic development
- by attempting the movement in its entirety, a mental picture is formed more effectively
- gives a holistic or gestalt view of the entire movement
disadvantages of ‘whole practice method’
- method may be to fast for some individuals, making movements difficult to learn
- information overload can occur
examples of skills that can be taught using the ‘whole practice method’
dribbling the ball in hockey, basketball or football
description of ‘part practice method’
the skill is broken down into subroutines, the subroutines are then learned separately before they are put together
skill classification examples for the ‘part practice method’
low organisation skills
closed skills
advantages of ‘part practice method’
- its safer when learning dangerous skills
- limits the amount of information the learner needs to process therefore preventing information overload
- immediate success raises confidence and motivation
disadvantages of ‘part practice method’
- limits awareness of whole skill
- takes time
- can be demotivating to high ability learners
- limits kinaesthetic development
examples of skills that can be taught using the ‘part practice method’
bowling in cricket
serving in tennis
description of ‘whole-part-whole practice method’
skill is practiced in its entirety and then a subroutine is isolated in order to focus on a weakness
skill classification examples for the ‘whole-part-whole practice method’
serial skills
low organisation skills
advantages of ‘whole-part-whole practice method’
- allows to focus of weak subroutine
- good for performers at all stages of learning
disadvantages of ‘whole-part-whole practice method’
- information overload could occur as a result of performing the whole skill
- lots of information to process
- unsuitable for high organisation skills
examples of skills that can be taught using the ‘whole-part-whole practice method’
shot putt
description of ‘progressive part practice method’
subroutines of a skill are practiced separately and then are gradually combined until the whole skill is achieved
skill classification examples for the ‘progressive part practice method’
low organisation
serial
complex
advantages of ‘progressive part practice method’
- quicker than part practice
- kinaesthetic development is quicker than part practice
disadvantages of ‘progressive part practice method’
- takes time
- limits kinaesthetic development
examples of skills that can be taught using the ‘progressive part practice method’
triple jump
definition of ‘massed practice method’
practice is repetitive and undertaken with no rest intervals
skill classification examples for the ‘massed practice method’
closed skills
discrete skills
advantages of ‘massed practice method’
- helps the skill become grooved
- good at the autonomous phase of learning
- helps to form S-R bonds
disadvantages of the ‘massed practice method’
- repetition can cause drive reduction, resulting in performance errors
- can lead to overuse injuries
examples of skills that can be taught using the ‘massed practice method’
continuous driving in golf
definition of ‘distributed practice method’
practice is undertaken in short bursts with regular rest intrvals
skill classification examples for ‘distributed practice method’
continuous skills
closed skills
advantages of ‘distributed practice method’
- helps to form S-R bonds
- good for less fit performers
- rest time allows for feedback
disadvantages of ‘distributed practice method’
- frequent breaks can be demotivating
- rest intervals may disjoint the practice which may hinder the learning
examples of skills that can be taught using the ‘distributed practice method’
sprinting
swimming
definition of ‘varied practice method’
practice takes place in constantly changing environments
skill classification examples for ‘varied practice method’
open skills
advantages of ‘varied practice method’
- good at the autonomous stage of learning
- tends to motivate performers, preventing drive reduction
disadvantages of ‘varied practice method’
- may confuse those at the cognitive stage of learning
- can cause information overload
- not effective in helping to groove skills
examples of skills that can be taught using the ‘varied practice method’
hockey players passing in different practice situations
definition of ‘fixed practice method’
practice is repetitive and undertaken in an environment or situation that remains the same
skill classification examples for ‘fixed practice method’
closed skills
advantages of ‘fixed practice method’
- good at cognitive phase
- you can perfect the skill
- helps to groove the skill
disadvantages of ‘fixed practice method’
- may become boring
- does not prepare you for the game situations
- can lead to overuse injuries
