Transfer of skills Flashcards
Positive Transfer
Definition?
Example?
Facts?
Two Methods associated with it?
Definition
When the learning of one skill and performance of one skill helps the learning and performance of another skill
Example
An overarm throw and a tennis serve are both similar therefore positive transfer is likely to occur if you use the throw to learn the serve
Facts:
- it will only take place if the STRUCTURE and CONTEXT of the skills performed are SIMILAR to those used in teaching
- more likely if the INFORMATION PROCESSING REQUIREMENTS in practice are SIMILAR to the those of the actual skill
Methods associated with positive transfer?
Identical Elements Theory
- The greater the number of components of practice which link to REAL situations
- The greater the likelihood that positive transfer will take place
Transfer Appropriate Processing
- This is concerned with the cognitive processing elements of the skill.
- If the new skill is different to previous skills but has similar processing methods, then positive transfer can take place
Negative Transfer
Definition?
2 Facts about negative transfer?
Example?
Definition
When the learning and performance of one skill hinders the learning and performance of another skill
Facts about negative transfer
- is on the whole temporary
- associated with the performer MISUNDERSTANDING what is required of them; rather than PROBLEMS of movement control
- It occurs when a familiar STIMULUS requires a NEW response
Example
Playing tennis indoors then moving to outdoor courts
Bi-lateral transfer
Definition?
What are motor programmes?
2 examples of bi-lateral transfer?
2 ways Bi-lateral transfer can take place?
Definition
- The transfer of learning from one limb to another
- The information is transferred from on muscle group to another through a motor programme
What are motor programmes?
- These are generalised series of movements that are stored in the LONG TERM MEMORY
- These are often retrieved by a single DECISION
Examples of bi-lateral transfer
- Dribbling on both sides in basketball
- Shooting with both feet in football
Ways Bi-lateral transfer can take place
- Cognitive aspect - understanding of what is required
- Motor programme is transferred
Proactive transfer
Definition?
2 Facts?
Example
Definition
The influence of one skill on a skill yet to be performed
Facts
- This can link to both positive and negative transfer
- Can help or hinder the learning of a different skill
Example
Previously learned smash in tennis affects the current learning of the overhead clear in badminton
Retroactive transfer
Definition?
2 Facts?
Example?
Definition
The influence of one skill on the learning or performance of a skill that has previously been learnt
Facts
- Again this can be both positive and negative transfer.
- Believed that this type transfer is less likely in highly skilled performers
Example
The current learning of the badminton overhead clear affects the previously learned skill of smash in tennis
Optimising positive effects (2) and limiting negative effects of transfer (2)
Optimising positive transfer:
- variable practice = performer experiences a wide range of experiences which they will be able to transfer from training into a real game situation
- coach explains to the performer when certain practises can help the development of particular skills; in other words links are highlighted to the performer. This means that experiences (schema) can be stored into the long term memory. For example; positional play for an experienced footballer could transfer positively if they took up hockey.
Limiting negative transfer:
- It is also important that skills and sub-routines are progressively built on so that one sub-routine leads smoothly into another. If there are too many different movement patterns may well confuse the performer which could end up hindering the performer.
- In order to limit negative effects of transfer, the coach should avoid skills which may cause confusion. For example don’t coach headstands and then handstands immediately after.
