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Biology gr12 > Transcription --> DNA to RNA > Flashcards

Transcription --> DNA to RNA Flashcards

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1
Q

x-rays can cause mutations in ……

A

genes

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2
Q

What did alkaptonuria cause?

A

In urine turning black

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3
Q

One gene codes for one ……….

A

polypeptide (protein)

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4
Q

“Arg mutants” had a mutation in ….

A

one of the genes that code for the enzymes responsible for the multistep process of creating arginine.

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5
Q

What is the promoter site?

A

A short sequence of DNA

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6
Q

What does genetic code include?

A

4 possible nucleotides. RNA has uracil in place of thymine.

20 Amino acids

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7
Q

What is the wobble effect?

A

The flexibility in pairing, the third base in a codon can pair with more than one base in the anticodon

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8
Q

The genetic code is read continuously, as the insertion or deletion of single nucleotide or a pair of nucleotides cause a certain …….

A

viral protein to not be produced.

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9
Q

What is the purpose of transcription?

A

To copy a section of DNA that represents a gene so that it can be used by a ribosome to read it and make a protein.

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10
Q

List three points about the genetic code.

A
  1. It is redundant as 64 possibilities for 20 amino acids.
  2. The genetic code is continuous, meaning there are no spaces between codons. The addition/removal of a single nucleotide causes a frameshift mutation.
  3. The genetic code is universal amongst all living organisms. A codon codes for the same amino acid in humans as in bacteria.
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11
Q

What is the start codon and also codes for the amino acid, Methionine?

A

AUG

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12
Q

Genetic code is written in regards to RNA from the…

A

5’ to the 3’end

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13
Q

Every polypeptide starts with

A

MET

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14
Q

The 3rd nucleotide in a codon can differ while still coding for the same amino acid. What effect is this?

A

“wobble effect”

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15
Q

There are __ stop codons that tells TRANSLATION to stop.

A

3

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16
Q

Transcription takes place in the…

A

nucleus

17
Q

Three key steps of transcription?

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
18
Q

The promoter region is high in what nitrogenous bases?

A

Adenine and Thymine

19
Q

Why is the 5’ end capped at the beginning?

A

It is capped at the beginning to protect the mRNA strand from being degraded by certain enzymes (protection from enzymes).

20
Q

In eukaryotic DNA, what is different for transcription?

A

In prokaryotic, there is a promotor region, however instead for eukaryotic, it is called the TATA box or also know as the TATAAA.

21
Q

What are introns?

A

Longer sequences of nucleotides that are pretty much useless, and the one that is removed in the pre-mRNA strand as they do not code for anything.

22
Q

How are introns removed?

A

Through RNA splicing.

23
Q

What are exons?

A

Shorter sequences of nucleotides, used to synthesize proteins.

24
Q

How many nucleotides are exposed during the second step of transcription, elongation?

A

10 nucleotides

25
Q

RNA polymerase works in the 5’ to 3’ direction adding a new nucleotide to the ______ of previous nucleotide.

A

3’-OH

26
Q

Why is RNA polymerase faster than DNA polymerase in DNA replication?

A

RNA polymerase have no proofreading capabilities therefore they work much faster than DNA polymerases that complete DNA replication.

27
Q

Multiple RNA polymerases can be working on the same gene, why?

A

Multiple RNA polymerases can be working on the same gene at the same time as each one is only occupying a small portion of the gene. Allow for many mRNAs to be created of the same gene quickly.

28
Q

What enzyme cuts out the introns?

A

Spliceosomes

29
Q

Spliceosomes are a combination of what?

A

combination of protein and snRNA

30
Q

What is snRNA?

A

The snRNA is another form of RNA, called snRNPs “snurps”

31
Q

What does snRNPS do?

A

allows the spliceosome to recognize specific mRNA sequences.

32
Q

What are the protein variants called?

A

isoforms

33
Q

What do the protein variants have?

A

Different cellular functions or properties

34
Q

What is alternative splicing?

A

It occurs by rearranging the pattern of intron and exon elements that are joined by splicing to alter the mRNA coding sequence

35
Q

Template strand is

A

antisense

36
Q

coding strand is

A

sense

Biology gr12 (19 decks)

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