Biological molecules pt. 4 Flashcards
This focuses on proteins and nucleic acid
What are proteins composed of?
Protein is composed of one or more long chains of amino acids (polypeptides) linked by
peptide bonds
structure determines ________
function
protein structure determines……
cell function
What are some proteins
enzymes, hormones, Hemoglobin
What is the role of enzymes
They quicken chemical reaction
What is the role of hormones
They are chemical messengers
Example of hormones
Growth hormones - stimulates growth of bones
What is the role of transport
Moving molecules
Example of transport
Hemoglobin - transporting oxyegn through blood
What is the role of contractile
It is movement
Example of contractile
Myosin and actin - allows muscles to contract
What is the role of protective
Healing, it defends against invaders
2 example of protective
Fibrinogen - stops bleeding
Antibodies - Kills bacterial invaders
What is the role of structural
mechanical support
2 examples of structural
Keratin - for hair
Collagen - for skin and cartilage
What is the role of storage
stores nutrients
Example of storage
egg whites, used as nutrients for embryos
What is the role of toxins
Defense and predation
Example of toxins
bacterial diphtheria toxin
What is the role of communication
Cell signaling
Example of communication
Glycoprotein - receptors on cell surface
Strands of the Protein Keratin Create…
hair lol
Proteins are polymers of different….
Amino acid
What do all amino acids have in common ?
an amino group and a carboxyl group attached to a central carbon
There are ____ different types of amino acids.
20
What is a Peptide bond?
Peptide bond links two amino acids.
A protein is composed of one or more…………….
long chains of amino acids
What are polypeptides?
A long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, forming the backbone of a protein
Proteins are ______ chains of 20 different building blocks called amino acids.
linear
Amino acids are linked by peptide
bonds – a form of ______ bond
covalent
Globular Proteins may be described in terms of 4 Levels of structure.. what are they?
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
What is primary structure?
All proteins have this structure, it is formed by sequence of the amino acids being linked together.
What is a primary structure determined by?
Determined by an unique sequence of amino acid
in a polypeptide chain
What is Secondary structure?
Folding and coiling of
a single polypeptide
chain
what is secondary structure caused by
Caused by hydrogen and peptide bonds
What is Tertiary Structure?
3D shaped, shape is dependant on biological interations and complete folding of protein. It is globular and fibrous.
Types of bonds in tertiary and quaternary structure?
Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds and hydrophobic bonds
What is Quaternary Structure ?
Two or more polypeptides chains bonded together to make a more complex structure.
Examples of quaternary structure
Collagen, keratin,
hemoglobin are
examples of proteins
in quaternary
structure
What is Denaturation of protein?
Denaturation refers to the process of changing a protein’s shape.
Denaturation of protein usually rendered biologically….
inactive
Three characteristics of denaturation of protein or making the protein more inactive are
pH
High temperature
Ionic concentration
Nucleic acids are macromolecules
made of………..
C, H, O, N, P.
There are two kinds of nucleic
acids…..
DNA AND RNA
What is deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) ?
encodes genetic information
used to assemble proteins.
What is Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)?
reads DNA-encoded information
to direct protein synthesis.
Nucleic acids are composed of
what
long polymers of repeating
subunits, nucleotides.
What else are nucleic acids made up of?
five-carbon sugar
Phosphate group
nitrogenous base
Purines double ringed
Pyrimidines – single ringed
adenine and guanine
cytosine, thymine, and
uracil
Nucleotides are the Monomers that Create
Polymers of DNA
and RNA
_____ is the cell’s primary
energy currency.
ATP (Adenine triphosphate)
How many amino acids are there? How many are essential and non essential?
20 amino acids, essential is 8 and non essential is 12
When you take out H20 out from Amino Acid structure, what does it make?
Polypeptide chain (peptide bond)
Peptide bond is amino acid +amino acid, is the bond is a ionic or covalent bond
covalent because it is sharing electrons
A peptide bond is also known as what biological reaction?
Condensation reaction, also an anabolic reaction
1 molecule of hemoglobin can occupy/carry/transport _____ iron ions
4
Straight hair is a…
primary structure
Curly hair is a ….
secondary structure
What bonding is in primary structure
peptide bonds
What bonding is in secondary structure
hydrogen bonds
what bonding is found in tertiary structure
Hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic bonds and ionic bonds, peptide bond
What bonding is found in quaternary structure
Hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic bonds and ionic bonds
Changing the pH for denaturation is done by adding….
akaline, salt, lemon juice or vinegar
What makes the 20 amino acids unique from each other?
The side chains attached to the central carbon, ex. tyrosine
