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Biology gr12 > Biological molecules pt. 4 > Flashcards

Biological molecules pt. 4 Flashcards

This focuses on proteins and nucleic acid

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are proteins ?

A

Proteins are the key elements of
life. Forget DNA, proteins rule.

protein is composed of one or more long chains of amino acids (polypeptides) linked by
peptide bonds

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2
Q

structure determines ________

A

function

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3
Q

protein structure determines……

A

cell function

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4
Q

What are some proteins

A

enzymes, hormones, Hemoglobin

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5
Q

What is the role of enzymes

A

They quicken chemical reaction

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6
Q

Example of enzymes

A

Sucrose, how it is broken down into into components parts of glucose and fructose

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7
Q

What is the role of hormones

A

They are chemical messengers

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8
Q

Example of hormones

A

Growth hormones - stimulates growth of bones

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9
Q

What is the role of transport

A

Moving molecules

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10
Q

Example of transport

A

Hemoglobin - transporting oxyegn through blood

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11
Q

What is the role of contractile

A

It is movement

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12
Q

Example of contractile

A

Myosin and actin - allows muscles to contract

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13
Q

What is the role of protective

A

Healing, it defends against invaders

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14
Q

2 example of protective

A

Fibrinogen - stops bleeding
Antibodies - Kills bacterial invaders

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15
Q

What is the role of structural

A

mechanical support

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16
Q

2 examples of structural

A

Keratin - for hair
Collagen - for skin and cartilage

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17
Q

What is the role of storage

A

stores nutrients

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18
Q

Example of storage

A

egg whites, used as nutrients for embryos

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19
Q

What is the role of toxins

A

Defense and predation

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20
Q

Example of toxins

A

bacterial diphtheria toxin

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21
Q

What is the role of communication

A

Cell signaling

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22
Q

Example of communication

A

Glycoprotein - receptors on cell surface

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23
Q

Strands of the Protein Keratin Create…

A

hair lol

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24
Q

Proteins are polymers of different….

A

Amino acid

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25
Q

What do all amino acids have in common ?

A

an amino group and a carboxyl group attached to a central carbon

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26
Q

There are ____ different types of amino acids.

A

20

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27
Q

What is a Peptide bond?

A

Peptide bond links two amino acids. A covalent bond between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another, linking them together in a chain.

28
Q

A protein is composed of one or more…………….

A

long chains of amino acids

29
Q

What are polypeptides?

A

A long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, forming the backbone of a protein

30
Q

Proteins are ______ chains of 20 different building blocks called amino acids.

A

linear

31
Q

Amino acids are linked by peptide
bonds – a form of ______ bond

A

covalent

32
Q

Globular Proteins may be described in terms of 4 Levels of structure.. what are they?

A

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Quaternary

33
Q

What is primary structure?

A

Unique sequence of amino acid
in a polypeptide chain

34
Q

What is a primary structure determined by?

A

Determined by an unique sequence of amino acid
in a polypeptide chain

35
Q

What the does order determines?

A

This order determines the final protein shape?

36
Q

What is Secondary structure?

A

Folding and coiling of
a single polypeptide
chain

37
Q

what is secondary structure caused by

A

Caused by H bonds
between hydrogen
and oxygen atoms
near the peptide
bonds

38
Q

What is Tertiary Structure?

A

Folding caused by forces of
attraction and repulsion between
the polypeptide and its
environment

39
Q

3D folding of
polypeptide held in place by? (name 3 points)

A

Hydrogen bonds

Hydrophobic
bonding

Ionic bonds

40
Q

What is Quaternary Structure ?

A

Two or more polypeptides wounded
together

41
Q

Examples of quaternary structure

A

Collagen, keratin,
hemoglobin are
examples of proteins
in quaternary
structure

42
Q

What is Denaturation of protein?

A

Denaturation refers to the process of changing a protein’s shape.

43
Q

Denaturation of protein usually rendered biologically….

A

inactive

44
Q

Three characteristics of denaturation of protein or making the protein more inactive are

A

pH

High temperature

Ionic concentration

45
Q

Nucleic acids are macromolecules
made of………..

A

C, H, O, N, P.

46
Q

There are two kinds of nucleic
acids…..

A

DNA AND RNA

47
Q

What is deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) ?

A

encodes genetic information
used to assemble proteins.

48
Q

What is Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)?

A

reads DNA-encoded information
to direct protein synthesis.

49
Q

Nucleic acids are composed of
what

A

long polymers of repeating
subunits, nucleotides.

50
Q

What else are nucleic acids made up of?

A

five-carbon sugar

Phosphate group

nitrogenous base

Purines double ringed

Pyrimidines – single ringed

adenine and guanine
cytosine, thymine, and
uracil

51
Q

Nucleotides are the Monomers that Create

A

Polymers of DNA
and RNA

52
Q

_____ is the cell’s primary
energy currency.

A

ATP (Adenine triphosphate)

53
Q

How many amino acids are there? How many are essential and non essential?

A

20 amino acids, essential is 8 and non essential is 12

54
Q

When you take out H20 out from Amino Acid structure, what does it make?

A

Polypeptide chain (peptide bond)

55
Q

Peptide bond is amino acid +amino acid, is the bond is a ionic or covalent bond

A

covalent because it is sharing electrons

56
Q

A peptide bond is also known as what biological reaction?

A

Condensation reaction, also an anabolic reaction

57
Q

1 molecule of hemoglobin can occupy/carry/transport _____ iron ions

A

4

58
Q

Straight hair is a…

A

primary structure

59
Q

Curly hair is a ….

A

secondary structure

60
Q

What bonding is in primary structure

A

peptide bonds

61
Q

What bonding is in secondary structure

A

hydrogen bonds

62
Q

what bonding is found in tertiary structure

A

Hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic bonds and ionic bonds, peptide bond

63
Q

What bonding is found in quaternary structure

A

Hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic bonds and ionic bonds, covalent bonds

64
Q

Changing the pH for denaturation is done by adding….

A

akaline, salt, lemon juice or vinegar

65
Q

What makes the 20 amino acids unique from each other?

A

The side chains attached to the central carbon, ex. tyrosine

Biology gr12 (22 decks)

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