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Biology gr12 > Structure of DNA > Flashcards

Structure of DNA Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a virus?

A

A virus is simply DNA trapped in a protein capsule.

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2
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

A bacteriophage is a virus
that attacks/infects bacteria.

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3
Q

Viruses highjack a living cell’s ability to transcribe and translate in order to make many copies of itself, this causes cells to?

A

causing the cell to lyse and release

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4
Q

Why are viruses not living things?

A

They lack the machinery of life as they can not reproduce on their own.

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5
Q

The monomer of DNA is a

A

nucleotide.

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6
Q

A nucleotide consists of

A

Phosphate group
Deoxyribose (a sugar)
Nitogenous base

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7
Q

The phosphate group is attached to
the _’ carbon.

A hydroxyl group (-OH) is attached
to the _’ carbon.

A

5,3

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8
Q

Nucleotides join together by

A

dehydration synthesis.

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9
Q

There are ___ strands of DNA in a
DNA molecule.

A

two

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10
Q

The sides of the molecule consist of alternating sugar and phosphate, which is called..

A

sugar backbone

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11
Q

The center of the molecule contains the

A

nitrogenous bases.

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12
Q

Purine is two ring, which contains..

A

Adenine(A) and Guanine (G)

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13
Q

Pyrimidines are one rings, and contains

A

Thymine (T) and Cytosine ( C ) and uracil

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14
Q

Adenine + Thymine, how many hydrogen bonds?

A

2

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15
Q

Guanine + Cyotosine, how many hydrogen bonds?

A

3

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16
Q

What is Anti-parallel?

A

The sugar phosphate backbones of DNA run in opposite
directions

One side runs 5’ to 3’

The other side runs 3’ to 5’

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17
Q

Each DNA molecule makes up a

A

chromosome

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18
Q

What is a chromosome

A

A strand of DNA

19
Q

Each cell in our body contains __ pairs of chromosomes = __ in total.

A

23, 46

20
Q

Each chromosome contains many

A

genes

21
Q

What is a gene

A

A sequence of nitrogenous bases which code for a trait.

22
Q

A DNA molecule contains many genes.
Each gene has a _________ _________ of bases.

A

unique sequence

23
Q

What is Prokaryotic?

A

organism that lacks a nucleus, and membrane bound organelles and is always single celled (all bacteria, some protists (algae), some fungi (yeast))

24
Q

What is eukaryotic?

A

organism that has a nucleus and is usually multicellular, has membrane organelles (protists, fungi, plants, animals)

25
Q

Prokaryotic organisms do not have a nucleus, therefore the DNA is kept in a separate area of the cell called the

A

Nucleoid

26
Q

Prokaryotic DNA is ______ stranded and __________.

A

double, circular

27
Q

Prokaryotic DNA must be compacted ______ times to fit into a prokaryotic cell.

A

1000

28
Q

Plasmids use the bacterial cell’s machinery for ________ and can be used to transform nearby _____.

A

replication, cells

29
Q

How can plasmids be integrated into a bacteria’s genome

A

chromosomal DNA

30
Q

What are episomes

A

Integrated form of plasmid with DNA

31
Q

How does the DNA get compacted so much?

A

Specialized proteins help fold the DNA into loop like structures. This
compacts the DNA 10 times.

32
Q

After the folding, additional compaction is completed by a process called
supercoiling. What is supercoiling?

A

.

Supercoiling is simply twisting the DNA.

33
Q

Most of prokaryotic DNA codes
for either a protein or a…..

A

regulatory sequence

34
Q

What is Regulatory Sequence?

A

are genes
that control the turning on or
off of other genes according to our needs.

35
Q

Eukaryotes have much more ____
(genome is larger) than Prokaryotes.

A

DNA

36
Q

DNA is located in the ______ of the cell and never leaves.

A

nucleus

37
Q

DNA is in linear chromosomes, ____________ also has its own DNA

A

mitochondria

38
Q

Therefore compaction in ____________ is much more
complicated than _______________

A

Eukaryotes, prokaryotes

39
Q

Eukaryotic DNA compaction is accomplished by using a ________ __ __________.

A

series of proteins.

40
Q

Nucleosomes are connected by ..

A

LINKER DNA

41
Q

Organisms that have similar structures share more of the
same _____ that organisms that differ greatly.

A

genes

42
Q

Most Eukaryotes are _______ (have two copies of each
gene), some are _______ (ferns, algae), and some are
______ (specially bred)

A

diploid, haploid, triploid

43
Q

Completely uncompacted DNA is
called __________ in Eukaryotes

A

Chromatin

44
Q

The hereditary molecule must meet what following criteria?

A

1) Had to contain information to make enzymes and other proteins

2) Had to have the ability to duplicate itself without many errors

3) Had to have the flexibility to permit a few random mutations to increase variation within a population

Biology gr12 (22 decks)

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