Biological molecules pt.2 Flashcards
Focuses on the carbohydrate part of this lesson
What elements are monosaccharides composed of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
(C, H and O in a 1:2:1 ratio)
What functional groups does monosaccharides contain
carbonyl and
hydroxyl
General formula for monosaccharides
(CH2O)n
What is the ending for monosaccharides
name often ends in –ose
What is the temperature range for monosaccharides
3C-7C
What are Hexoses?
(6 carbons)
where glucose is produced during photosynthesis
Galactose - in milk
Fructose- in fruit
What are isomers
Same formula, different structure and different physical and chemical properties
What is the shape of an isomer when it is a solid and when it is in a solution (aqueous)?
Linear when solids, rings in solutions (aqueous)
GLUCOSE has what type of form
linear and ring
What are pentoses?
5 carbons
What is ribose
component of nucleotides
What are oligosaccharides
Include di- and trisaccharides
2 or 3 monosaccharides joined by
glycosidic linkages (bonds)
In oligosaccharides, Alpha (α) if bond is ____ between them,
Beta (β) if it is _____
down, up
What are Disaccharides?
They are double sugars
Two monosaccharides and polysaccharides linked to form a disaccharide by what reaction?
Condensation, also known as the removal of water molecules
What is a complex carbohydrate?
More complex chemical structure, Made of many sugar units (e.g., starch, fiber). Provides longer-lasting energy and digests slowly.
What are the three important disaccharides?
Maltose (beer grains), Sucrose (table sugar), Lactose (milk)
What are Polysaccharides?
Complex sugars that are made of long chains of monosaccharides.
How are complex carbohydrates built?
They are built by linking simple
repeating units.
Why are carbohydrates important?
Carbohydrates are important in
energy production and storage
How are carbohydrates used?
used in cellular respiration to
release energy (glucose), I.e. the
body’s most important source of
energy
plants store energy as…
starch
animals store energy as ….. in liver and muscles
glycogen
Complex Carbohydrates Are Often
used to…
create structures
What is chitin and what is cellulose?
chitin (modified form of cellulose) and Cellulose (fibre)
What is cellulose
Plant cell walls are made up of
cellulose. Some animals can digest cellulose e.g. cows, sheep
When humans eat fruits and
vegetables, cellulose are passed
through undigested, but help to
prevent
Constipation
What is chitin?
Modified form of cellulose
which organic compounds/macromolecules are the following functional groups associated with phosphate
nucleic acid
which organic compounds/macromolecules are the following functional groups associated with carboxyl
protein
which organic compounds/macromolecules are the following functional groups associated with hydroxyl
carbohydrates
Which one of these things are not like the others? Fiber, sugar, starch, cellulose and fat
Fat is the odd one out because fat is a lipid, so it is different
Basic building blocks for protein
amino acid
Basic building blocks for triglyceride
3 fatty acids and glycerol
Basic building blocks for carbohydrate
monosaccharides
Basic building blocks for nucleic acid
nucleotide
Proteins are to amino acids, as polysaccharides are to _________
Carbohydrates
What are monosaccharides
Simple sugars, composed of 1 unit. Makes up polysccharides, disaccharides.
What are monosaccharides determined by
The number of carbon atoms in the molecule
Isomers are what
molecules that have the same chemical formula but different structure
What are disaccharides?
Double sugars. Composed of 2 monosaccharides, linked together by condensation reaction.
Where is maltose found? What is it made up of?
Two glucose, it is found in grains, it is used to make beer
What is sucrose made up of
glucose + fructose !!
What is sucrose and where is it found
It is table sugar, found in higher concentrations in sugar beets, sugar cane and sugar maple tree.
Lactose is composed of..
Galactose and glucose
What form can polysaccharides be in
Chains or branched
What are polysaccharides
composed of MANY monosaccharides liked together by many condensation reactions
What are polysaccharides used for ?
Energy storage and structural support
Types of polysaccharides?
Starch, glycogen, Chitin, Cellulose
What is starch
Energy storage in plants
Two forms of starch
amylose (unbranched) and amylopectin (branched)
Where is starch stored
stored in chloroplasts, amyloplasts, other plastids.
What is glycogen
The main storage form of glucose in animals and humans
Where is glycogen located and where is it stored?
In the liver, stored in muscles and liver of humans
What is cellulose
Found in plant wall cells, Humans are unable to break down cellulose (fiber)
What gives strength to cellulose
Layers of cellulose fibrils
Where is chitin found
Found in hard exoskeletons of crustaceans (crabs, lobsters) and in the cell wall of many fungi
Cellulose vs Chitin
Cellulose is fibre, while chitin is a modified version of cellulose
Alpha (a) is if bond is ______, between them. While beta (B) is if it is _______.
Down, Up
Glucose + Gluclose =
maltose + water
Glucose + Fructose =
sucrose + water
Galactose + glucose =
lactose + water
Examples of monosaccharides?
Glucose and fructose
Example of disaccharides?
Maltose, lactose and sucrose
Examples of polysaccharides?
Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
Amylose is unbranched or branched?
Unbranched
Amylopectin is branched or unbranched?
branched
Glycogen is similar to starch, but has more…
branches
What is carbohydrates produced by?
Photosynthesis
What are simple carbohydrates?
Made of 1-2 sugar units (e.g., glucose, sucrose). Quick energy but digests fast.
Examples of starch?
Examples can be potatoes, carrots, corn, wheat etc
