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Biology gr12 > Biological molecules pt.2 > Flashcards

Biological molecules pt.2 Flashcards

Focuses on the carbohydrate part of this lesson

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1
Q

What elements are monosaccharides composed of

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
(C, H and O in a 1:2:1 ratio)

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2
Q

What functional groups does monosaccharides contain

A

carbonyl and
hydroxyl

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3
Q

General formula for monosaccharides

A

(CH2O)n

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4
Q

What is the ending for monosaccharides

A

name often ends in –ose

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5
Q

What is the temperature range for monosaccharides

A

3C-7C

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6
Q

What are Hexoses?

A

(6 carbons)

where glucose is produced during photosynthesis

Galactose - in milk

Fructose- in fruit

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7
Q

What are isomers

A

Same formula, different structure and different physical and chemical properties

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8
Q

What is the shape of an isomer when it is a solid and when it is in a solution (aqueous)?

A

Linear when solids, rings in solutions (aqueous)

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9
Q

GLUCOSE has what type of form

A

linear and ring

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10
Q

What are pentoses?

A

5 carbons

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11
Q

What is ribose

A

component of nucleotides

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12
Q

What are oligosaccharides

A

Include di- and trisaccharides

2 or 3 monosaccharides joined by
glycosidic linkages (bonds)

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13
Q

In oligosaccharides, Alpha (α) if bond is ____ between them,
Beta (β) if it is _____

A

down, up

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14
Q

What are Disaccharides?

A

They are double sugars

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15
Q

Two monosaccharides linked to form a disaccharide by what reaction?

A

Condensation, also known as the removal of water molecules

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16
Q

What is a complex carbohydrate?

A

More complex chemical structure, that is made up of 3 or more simple sugars bonded together. (Longer to digest)

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17
Q

What are the three important disaccharides?

A

Maltose (beer grains), Sucrose (table sugar), Lactose (milk)

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18
Q

What are Polysaccharides?

A

Complex sugars that are made of long chains of monosaccharides.

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19
Q

How are complex carbohydrates built?

A

They are built by linking simple
repeating units.

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20
Q

Why are carbohydrates important?

A

Carbohydrates are important in
energy production and storage

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21
Q

How are carbohydrates used?

A

used in cellular respiration to
release energy (glucose), I.e. the
body’s most important source of
energy

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22
Q

plants store energy as…

A

starch

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23
Q

animals store energy as ….. in liver and muscles

A

glycogen

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24
Q

Complex Carbohydrates Are Often
used to…

A

create structures

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25
Q

Functions of carbohydrates can be ..

A

chitin (modified form of cellulose) and Cellulose (fibre)

26
Q

What is cellulose

A

Plant cell walls are made up of
cellulose. Some animals can digest cellulose e.g. cows, sheep

27
Q

When humans eat fruits and
vegetables, cellulose are passed
through undigested, but help to
prevent

A

Constipation

28
Q

What is chitin?

A

Modified form of cellulose, that is found in insects, shrimps, crabs and also found in fungi

29
Q

which organic compounds/macromolecules are the following functional groups associated with phosphate

A

nucleic acid

30
Q

which organic compounds/macromolecules are the following functional groups associated with carboxyl

A

protein

31
Q

which organic compounds/macromolecules are the following functional groups associated with hydroxyl

A

carbohydrates

32
Q

Which one of these things are not like the others? Fiber, sugar, starch, cellulose and fat

A

Fat is the odd one out because fat is a lipid, so it is different

33
Q

Basic building blocks for protein

A

amino acid

34
Q

Basic building blocks for triglyceride

A

fatty acids and glycerol

35
Q

Basic building blocks for carbohydrate

A

monosaccharides

36
Q

Basic building blocks for nucleic acid

A

nucleotide

37
Q

Proteins are to amino acids, as polysaccharides are to _________

A

Carbohydrates

38
Q

What are monosaccharides

A

monomers of sugar

39
Q

What are monosaccharides determined by

A

The number of carbon atoms in the molecule

40
Q

Isomers are what

A

molecules that have the same chemical formula but different structure

41
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Composed of 2 monomers linked together by condensation reactions, achieved by specific enzymes.

42
Q

Disaccharides are composed by what

A

2 monomers

43
Q

Where is maltose found? What is it made up of?

A

Two glucose, it is found in grains, it is used to make beer

44
Q

What is sucrose made up of

A

glucose + fructose !!

45
Q

What is sucrose and where is it found

A

It is table sugar, found in higher concentrations in sugar beets, sugar cane and sugar maple tree.

46
Q

Lactose is composed of..

A

Galactose and glucose

47
Q

What form can polysaccharides be in

A

Chains or branched

48
Q

What are polysaccharides

A

composed of MANY monomers liked together by many condensation reactions

49
Q

What polysaccharides used for ?

A

Energy storage and structural support

50
Q

Types of polysaccharides?

A

Starch, glycogen, Chitin, Cellulose

51
Q

What is starch

A

A polysaccharide, a complex carbohydrate that exists in many plants (energy storage in plants)

52
Q

Two forms of starch

A

amylose (unbranched) and amylopectin (branched)

53
Q

Where is starch stored and examples of it

A

stored in chloroplasts, amyloplasts, other plastids. Examples can be potatoes, carrots, corn, wheat etc

54
Q

What is glycogen

A

The main storage form of glucose in animals and humans, similar to starch but has more branches

55
Q

Where does glycogen manufacture

A

In the liver, stored in muscles and liver of humans

56
Q

What is cellulose

A

Found in plant wall cells, Humans are unable to break down cellulose (fiber)

57
Q

What gives strength to cellulose

A

Layers of cellulose fibrils

58
Q

What is chitin

A

Found in hard exoskeletons of crustaceans (crabs, lobsters) and in the cell wall of many fungi

59
Q

Cellulose vs Chitin

A

Cellulose is fibre, while chitin is a modified version of cellulose

60
Q

Alpha (a) is if bond is ______, between them. While beta (B) is if it is _______.

A

Down, Up

Biology gr12 (22 decks)

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