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Biology gr12 > Enzymes > Flashcards

Enzymes Flashcards

1
Q

What is activation Energy

A

is the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction, and also the energy required to break bonds

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2
Q

(EA) stands for…

A

activation energy

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3
Q

all reactions possess an _____ barrier that must be overcome for a reaction to occur

A

activation energy

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4
Q

energy is released when new bonds are….

A

formed

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5
Q

Enzymes are protein ….

A

catalysts

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6
Q

all enzymes are proteins, but not all proteins are…….

A

enzymes

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7
Q

What is a catalyst

A

A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up (consumed) in the reaction

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8
Q

after a reaction, the enzyme is able to catalyze……

A

another reaction

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9
Q

enzyme names end in

A

ase

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10
Q

Every chemical reaction involves both

A

making and breaking bonds

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11
Q

making bonds ________ energy

A

releases

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12
Q

breaking bonds ________ energy

A

absorbs

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13
Q

speed up the rate of a reaction by
lowering the………

A

activation energy

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14
Q

What remains the same in the chart

A

the net change in enthalpy

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15
Q

Enzymes are proteins with…

A

specific 3-D shapes

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16
Q

What is a substrate?

A

A substrate is the molecule that an enzyme works on to create a product.

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17
Q

Enzymes are defined by…

A

chemical bonds

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18
Q

A substrate binds to a …..

A

particular site

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19
Q

enzymes are _______ for the substrate to which they
bind

A

specific

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20
Q

location to where the substrate binds to the enzyme is known as the……

A

active site (complimentary fit)

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21
Q

What is Enzyme-Substrate Complex?

A

When a substrate binds to an enzyme’s active site, so the reaction can occur.

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22
Q

1st theory of active site

A

active site is rigid and exactly
complimentary to the substrate (lock and key)

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23
Q

What is Induced-fit Model?

A

is when an enzyme changes its shape slightly to better fit the substrate, helping the reaction occur.

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24
Q

Induced fit is when..

A

when enzymes conformation changes to better accommodate the substrate

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25
Q

Rates of chemical reactions are dependent on the what factors?

A

temperature

pH

concentration of substrate

concentration of enzyme

Inhibitors

Cofactors/Coenzymes

26
Q

Which chemical reaction are denaturation?

A

temperature and pH

27
Q

An enzyme’s three-dimensional shape is defined by various….

A

chemical bonds

28
Q

The rate at which an enzyme converts substrate into product can be increased by ___________________.

A

increasing substrate concentration

there is a limit !

29
Q

Enzyme is saturated when….

A

all active sites are occupied by substrates, and the reaction rate can’t increase any further.

30
Q

Adding more _______ will not increase the rate. But, Adding more _____ will increase the rate.

A

substrate, enzyme

31
Q

Cofactors may be…

A

inorganic or organic

32
Q

What is cofactor ?

A

nonprotein chemical compound that helps enzymes to function and work properly.

33
Q

What is coenzymes

A

A specific type of organic cofactor, often derived from vitamins.

34
Q

Inorganic cofactors are typically…

A

metal ions or molecules

35
Q

Organic cofactors (“coenzymes”) are typically…

A

vitamins or are derived from vitamins.

36
Q

What is Competitive
Inhibition?

A

Competitive inhibition occurs when a molecule (the inhibitor) competes with the substrate for binding to the enzyme’s active site.

37
Q

increased [substrate] can
overcome present…

A

inhibitors

38
Q

What is noncompetitive Inhibition?

A

when the inhibitor binds to a site on the enzyme that is not the active site

39
Q

Noncompetitive inhibition causes a change in…

A

enzyme shape

40
Q

When noncompetitive inhibitor changes the shape of enzyme, what happens?

A

It cannot bind to the substrate

41
Q

What is Allosteric Regulation?

A

when a molecule binds to an enzyme at a site other than the active site, changing the enzyme’s activity by either activating it or inhibiting it.

42
Q

allosteric regulation can

A

activate or inhibit

43
Q

Regulator binding changes shape of

A

substrate active site

44
Q

What is an allosteric activator ?

A

An allosteric activator is a molecule that binds to an enzyme at an allosteric site (a site different from the active site) and increases the enzyme’s activity.

45
Q

active form is stabilized by an

A

allosteric activator molecule

46
Q

inactive form is stabilized by an …

A

allosteric inhibitor molecule

47
Q

What are Allosteric Inhibitors?

A

Molecule that binds to the allosteric site and decreases enzyme activity

48
Q

Allosteric inhibitor vs activator

A

Allosteric activator stabilizes active form of enzyme

Allosteric inhibitor stabilizes inactive form of enzyme.

49
Q

many poisons act by…

A

inhibiting enzymes

50
Q

many antibiotics inhibit….

A

bacterial enzymes

51
Q

What is Feedback Inhibition?

A

Feedback inhibition is when the end product of a process inhibits an enzyme earlier in the pathway, stopping the process to prevent overproduction.

52
Q

When is end product produced in feedback inhibition

A

when needed

53
Q

in many cases, this
end-product acts as an
_________ of an enzyme

A

Inhibitor

54
Q

What is exothermic (Exergonic) reaction?

A

When the reactant is higher than the product, energy is released and makes bonds.

55
Q

What is endothermic (endergonic) reaction?

A

When the product is higher than the reactant, energy is absorbed and bonds are broken.

56
Q

Substrates act on what

A

sucrose

57
Q

Enzymes decrease _______________, but increases the _________________

A

activation energy, rate of reaction

58
Q

Substrates come to enzymes or enzymes come to substrates?

A

Substrates come to enzymes, not the other way around. The concentration remains the same

59
Q

Enzyme pH in stomach is..

A

2

60
Q

When you remove one phosphate from ATP, what does it become?

A

ADP

Biology gr12 (23 decks)

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