Transcription and translation Flashcards
Transformation
The change in DNA make up after the cell takes up DNA from it’s environment.
Where are covalent bonds in DNA
Between sugars and phosphates
Where are hydrogen bonds found in DNA
Between bases, (A&T or C&G)
Watson and Crick
Discovered the double helix shape of DNA
Nucleotide
Molecule that includes sugar, phosphate group and nitrogenous base. RNA (ribose) DNA ( deoxyribose)
Nitrogenous base
What makes each nucleotide different.
DNA bases
Adenine, Thymine,Cytosine and Guanine
RNA bases
Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine and Guanine
A Gene (molecule biologists)
A section of DNA that codes for a protien
When does DNA replication occur?
During the S (synthesis) stage of Interphase.
How does DNA replicate
It goes from one double helix strand to two strands
3 steps of DNA replication
- Initiation
- Elongation
- Termination
Step 1 Initiation
Helicase, single strand binding protein, primase, primer, and DNA polymerase
Helicase
Unwinds the double helix
Single strand binding protein
Holds the two strands of DNA apart so they don’t wind back together.
Primase
Attaches to DNA to be copied and makes complementary strand of RNA
Primer
Short section of RNA made to start the replication process
Polymerase
can only lengthen existing strand of primer to form new DNA.
Step 2 Elongation
DNA polymerase, leading strand and lagging strand.
DNA polymerase
Lengthens the DNA strand in the 5’ to 3’ direction.
Leading strand
Seamlessly follows helicase down the DNA in the 5’ - 3’ direction
Lagging strand
DNA is replicated in short strans in the opposite direction of the leading strand. Also in the 5’-3’ direction
Okazaki fragments
Shorts stans of DNA on the lagging section between the RNA primers
Step 3. Termination
DNA polymerase replaces short RNA primers with DNA
Ligase connects Okazaki segments
Proof reading
DNA polymerase proof reads each DNA as it copies. There are about 1:1 billion mistakes made
Telomere
Postpone the erosion of genes at the end of a DNA strands due to shortening.
Telomerase
Is the enzyme that catalyzes replacement of telomere in germ cells
Semi-conservative process
One parent strand of DNA is conserved and one strands is a new daughter strand.
DNA
Carriesa hereditary info
2 strands
Deoxyribose
A,T,C,G
RNA
Builds proteins
1 strand
Ribose
A,U, C,G
3 steps to make a protein
Transcription
RNA Processing
Translation
Transcription
Making a copy of the gene of DNA
RNA processing
Taking pre-mRNA and building a molecule that can build a protein, mRNA
Translation
Takes place in the ribosome, taking info from mRNA to make a protein
3 kinds of RNA
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
mRNA
Messenger, made during transcription and RNA processing. Carries the code out of the nucleus to the cytoplasm where the protein is built.
tRNA
Transfer: helps build protein
shaped like a 4 leaf clover
anti-codon that attacked to mRNA
rRNA
Ribosomal: 2 parts, small and large sub units. The two parts come together to house the mRNA and tRNA so they can make the protein
3 binding sites on tRNA
P:carries polypeptite
A: holds amino acid chain
E: exit site
Introns
Non-codong regions of the RNA which need to be cut out before a protien is built.
RNA splicing
Cutting out endtrons
Exton
The coding region of DNA
