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Bio 160 > Transcription and translation > Flashcards

Transcription and translation Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Transformation

A

The change in DNA make up after the cell takes up DNA from it’s environment.

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2
Q

Where are covalent bonds in DNA

A

Between sugars and phosphates

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3
Q

Where are hydrogen bonds found in DNA

A

Between bases, (A&T or C&G)

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4
Q

Watson and Crick

A

Discovered the double helix shape of DNA

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5
Q

Nucleotide

A

Molecule that includes sugar, phosphate group and nitrogenous base. RNA (ribose) DNA ( deoxyribose)

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6
Q

Nitrogenous base

A

What makes each nucleotide different.

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7
Q

DNA bases

A

Adenine, Thymine,Cytosine and Guanine

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8
Q

RNA bases

A

Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine and Guanine

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9
Q

A Gene (molecule biologists)

A

A section of DNA that codes for a protien

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10
Q

When does DNA replication occur?

A

During the S (synthesis) stage of Interphase.

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11
Q

How does DNA replicate

A

It goes from one double helix strand to two strands

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12
Q

3 steps of DNA replication

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
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13
Q

Step 1 Initiation

A

Helicase, single strand binding protein, primase, primer, and DNA polymerase

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14
Q

Helicase

A

Unwinds the double helix

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15
Q

Single strand binding protein

A

Holds the two strands of DNA apart so they don’t wind back together.

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16
Q

Primase

A

Attaches to DNA to be copied and makes complementary strand of RNA

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17
Q

Primer

A

Short section of RNA made to start the replication process

18
Q

Polymerase

A

can only lengthen existing strand of primer to form new DNA.

19
Q

Step 2 Elongation

A

DNA polymerase, leading strand and lagging strand.

20
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Lengthens the DNA strand in the 5’ to 3’ direction.

21
Q

Leading strand

A

Seamlessly follows helicase down the DNA in the 5’ - 3’ direction

22
Q

Lagging strand

A

DNA is replicated in short strans in the opposite direction of the leading strand. Also in the 5’-3’ direction

23
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

Shorts stans of DNA on the lagging section between the RNA primers

24
Q

Step 3. Termination

A

DNA polymerase replaces short RNA primers with DNA

Ligase connects Okazaki segments

25
Q

Proof reading

A

DNA polymerase proof reads each DNA as it copies. There are about 1:1 billion mistakes made

26
Q

Telomere

A

Postpone the erosion of genes at the end of a DNA strands due to shortening.

27
Q

Telomerase

A

Is the enzyme that catalyzes replacement of telomere in germ cells

28
Q

Semi-conservative process

A

One parent strand of DNA is conserved and one strands is a new daughter strand.

29
Q

DNA

A

Carriesa hereditary info
2 strands
Deoxyribose
A,T,C,G

30
Q

RNA

A

Builds proteins
1 strand
Ribose
A,U, C,G

31
Q

3 steps to make a protein

A

Transcription
RNA Processing
Translation

32
Q

Transcription

A

Making a copy of the gene of DNA

33
Q

RNA processing

A

Taking pre-mRNA and building a molecule that can build a protein, mRNA

34
Q

Translation

A

Takes place in the ribosome, taking info from mRNA to make a protein

35
Q

3 kinds of RNA

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

36
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger, made during transcription and RNA processing. Carries the code out of the nucleus to the cytoplasm where the protein is built.

37
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer: helps build protein
shaped like a 4 leaf clover
anti-codon that attacked to mRNA

38
Q

rRNA

A

Ribosomal: 2 parts, small and large sub units. The two parts come together to house the mRNA and tRNA so they can make the protein

39
Q

3 binding sites on tRNA

A

P:carries polypeptite
A: holds amino acid chain
E: exit site

40
Q

Introns

A

Non-codong regions of the RNA which need to be cut out before a protien is built.

41
Q

RNA splicing

A

Cutting out endtrons

42
Q

Exton

A

The coding region of DNA

Bio 160 (14 decks)

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