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Bio 160 > Structure and function of large Molecules > Flashcards

Structure and function of large Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

Polymer

A

(poly meaning many)A long molecule consisting of many smaller similar or identical parts. Held together by covalent bonds.

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2
Q

Monomer

A

(Mono meaning single) The building blocks of polymers. Some have functions of their own.

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3
Q

Dehydration Reaction

A

When two monomers are connected covalently through the loss of H2O

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4
Q

Hydrolysis

A

When polymers are disassembled into monomers through the loss of H2O

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5
Q

Carbohydrate

A

Sugars and polymers of suger. Including, monosaccarides, Disaccarides and Polysaccarides.

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6
Q

Monosaccarides

A

(Mono meaning single) Are major nutrients of cells. Exp: glucose and fructose and triose.

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7
Q

Disaccarides

A

Consists of two monosaccarides covalently bound together by glycosidic linkage. Exp: maltose and sucrose

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8
Q

Glycosidic Linkage

A

A covalent bond between monosaccardies by a dehydration reaction.

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9
Q

Polysaccarides

A

Macromolecules, polymers with hundreds to thousands of monomers.
Glycosidic Linkage
Used for storage and buliding materlials.

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10
Q

Storage Polysaccarides

A

Starch

Glycogen

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11
Q

Starch

A

A polymer of glucose stored in plants as a charbohydrate bank. Broken down by hydrolysis.

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12
Q

Glycogen

A

A polymer of glucose stored in animals as a charboydrate bank. Broken down to glucose by hydrolysis on demand.

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13
Q

Structural Polysaccarides

A

Cellulose

Chitin

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14
Q

Cellulose

A

Most abondant organic compound on earth
Plant cell walls are made mostly of cellulose
Polymer of glucose

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15
Q

Chitin

A

Carbohydrate used to bulid the exosceleton of insects, spiders and crustateans.

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16
Q

Lipids

A

A diverse croup of hydrophobic molecules
Not polymers
Dont mix with water
Fats, phospholipids and steroids

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17
Q

Fats

A

Constructed of glycerol and fatty acids by dehydration reaction.

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18
Q

Fatty acids

A

A long carbon skeleton (16-18 carbons) and a hydrocarbon chain

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19
Q

Triacylglycerol

A

3 fatty acids linked to 1 glycerol by an ester linkage (hydroxyl and carboxyl groups) Often found in packaged foods.

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20
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

No double bonds between carbon atoms
Saturated with hydrogen
Solid at room tepm
molecules pack closely

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21
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

1 or more double bonded carbon
1 fewer hydrogen with each double bonded carbon.
liquid at room tepm
molecules don’t pack closely

22
Q

Hydrogenated oils

A

Unsaturated fats that are synthetically converted to saturated fats by adding hydrogen. Exp: peanut butter and margerine

23
Q

Trans fats

A

Hydrogenating produces unsaturated fats with double bonds that contributes to atherosclerosis more than saturated fats.

24
Q

Phospholipids

A

2 fatty acids attached to glycerol
Make up cell membranes
Hydrophobic(non-polar) tails (Hydrocarbon)
Hydrophillic(polar) head (Phosphate group)

25
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Boundary between cells and external enviroment
Self assimble into a double layer
Polor heads on the outside
Non-polar tail on the inside

26
Q

Steroids

A

Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consissting of 4 fused rings.

27
Q

Cholesterol

A

Crutial moleciule in animal cell membranes
Synthesized in the liver
Other steroids are synesized from cholesterol

28
Q

Proteins

A

> 50% of cell dry weight

Play role in chemical reactions, defence, storage, transport, communication, movement and structure.

29
Q

Enzymatic Proteins

A

Regulate metabolism acting as a catalysts, chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consummed by the process

30
Q

Polypeptides

A

Polymers of amino acids

31
Q

Enzymatic Protein

A

Selective acceleration of chemical reactions
Digestive enzymes
Hydrolysis of bonds in food

32
Q

Storage Protein

A

Storage of amino acids

33
Q

Hormonal Proteins

A

Coordination of an organism’s activites

34
Q

Contractile motor proteins

35
Q

Defensive Proteins

A

Protection against disease

Antiboties

36
Q

Transport Proteins

A

Transport of molecules accross the cell membrane

37
Q

Receptor proteins

A

Response of cell to chemical stimuli

38
Q

Structural Proteins

A

Support, fiberous framework for animal connective tissues.

39
Q

Amino acid monomers

A

Organic molecule possessing an amino group and a carboxy group

40
Q

Amino acid ploymers

A

Polypeptide: a polymer of many amino acids linked by peptide bonds

41
Q

4 Protein structures

A

Primary
Secomdary
Tertiary
Quarterary

42
Q

Primary

A

Linier chain of amino acids

43
Q

Secondary

A

Hydrogen bonds that create coils and folds
Helix: Hydrogen bond between evert 4th amino acid
Pleted sheet: Side by side polypeptide hydrogen bonds.

44
Q

Tertiary

A

Tri-dementional shape stabilized by interactions between side chains

45
Q

Quarternary

A

Multiple potypeptides forming a functional protein

46
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Polymers of monomers called Nucleotides

DNA and RNA

47
Q

DNA

A

Provides direction for it’s owe replication
Directs RNA sythesis.
Genetic material inheireted

48
Q

RNA

A

Controls protein synthesis

49
Q

Nucleotide

A

Monomers composed of 3 parts
Nitrogen base
5 carbon sugar
1 or more phosphste groups

50
Q

Polynucleotides

A

Polymers of nulceotides (macromolecules)

51
Q

Nitogenious Bases

A

Pyrimadies :Sytosine, Thymine (DNA), Uracil (RNA)

Purines: Adenine, Gusnine

52
Q

Sugers of Nucleotides

A

DNA:deoxyribose
RNA:ribose

Bio 160 (14 decks)

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