Structure and function of large Molecules Flashcards
Polymer
(poly meaning many)A long molecule consisting of many smaller similar or identical parts. Held together by covalent bonds.
Monomer
(Mono meaning single) The building blocks of polymers. Some have functions of their own.
Dehydration Reaction
When two monomers are connected covalently through the loss of H2O
Hydrolysis
When polymers are disassembled into monomers through the loss of H2O
Carbohydrate
Sugars and polymers of suger. Including, monosaccarides, Disaccarides and Polysaccarides.
Monosaccarides
(Mono meaning single) Are major nutrients of cells. Exp: glucose and fructose and triose.
Disaccarides
Consists of two monosaccarides covalently bound together by glycosidic linkage. Exp: maltose and sucrose
Glycosidic Linkage
A covalent bond between monosaccardies by a dehydration reaction.
Polysaccarides
Macromolecules, polymers with hundreds to thousands of monomers.
Glycosidic Linkage
Used for storage and buliding materlials.
Storage Polysaccarides
Starch
Glycogen
Starch
A polymer of glucose stored in plants as a charbohydrate bank. Broken down by hydrolysis.
Glycogen
A polymer of glucose stored in animals as a charboydrate bank. Broken down to glucose by hydrolysis on demand.
Structural Polysaccarides
Cellulose
Chitin
Cellulose
Most abondant organic compound on earth
Plant cell walls are made mostly of cellulose
Polymer of glucose
Chitin
Carbohydrate used to bulid the exosceleton of insects, spiders and crustateans.
Lipids
A diverse croup of hydrophobic molecules
Not polymers
Dont mix with water
Fats, phospholipids and steroids
Fats
Constructed of glycerol and fatty acids by dehydration reaction.
Fatty acids
A long carbon skeleton (16-18 carbons) and a hydrocarbon chain
Triacylglycerol
3 fatty acids linked to 1 glycerol by an ester linkage (hydroxyl and carboxyl groups) Often found in packaged foods.
Saturated fatty acids
No double bonds between carbon atoms
Saturated with hydrogen
Solid at room tepm
molecules pack closely
Unsaturated fatty acids
1 or more double bonded carbon
1 fewer hydrogen with each double bonded carbon.
liquid at room tepm
molecules don’t pack closely
Hydrogenated oils
Unsaturated fats that are synthetically converted to saturated fats by adding hydrogen. Exp: peanut butter and margerine
Trans fats
Hydrogenating produces unsaturated fats with double bonds that contributes to atherosclerosis more than saturated fats.
Phospholipids
2 fatty acids attached to glycerol
Make up cell membranes
Hydrophobic(non-polar) tails (Hydrocarbon)
Hydrophillic(polar) head (Phosphate group)
Phospholipid bilayer
Boundary between cells and external enviroment
Self assimble into a double layer
Polor heads on the outside
Non-polar tail on the inside
Steroids
Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consissting of 4 fused rings.
Cholesterol
Crutial moleciule in animal cell membranes
Synthesized in the liver
Other steroids are synesized from cholesterol
Proteins
> 50% of cell dry weight
Play role in chemical reactions, defence, storage, transport, communication, movement and structure.
Enzymatic Proteins
Regulate metabolism acting as a catalysts, chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consummed by the process
Polypeptides
Polymers of amino acids
Enzymatic Protein
Selective acceleration of chemical reactions
Digestive enzymes
Hydrolysis of bonds in food
Storage Protein
Storage of amino acids
Hormonal Proteins
Coordination of an organism’s activites
Contractile motor proteins
Movement
Defensive Proteins
Protection against disease
Antiboties
Transport Proteins
Transport of molecules accross the cell membrane
Receptor proteins
Response of cell to chemical stimuli
Structural Proteins
Support, fiberous framework for animal connective tissues.
Amino acid monomers
Organic molecule possessing an amino group and a carboxy group
Amino acid ploymers
Polypeptide: a polymer of many amino acids linked by peptide bonds
4 Protein structures
Primary
Secomdary
Tertiary
Quarterary
Primary
Linier chain of amino acids
Secondary
Hydrogen bonds that create coils and folds
Helix: Hydrogen bond between evert 4th amino acid
Pleted sheet: Side by side polypeptide hydrogen bonds.
Tertiary
Tri-dementional shape stabilized by interactions between side chains
Quarternary
Multiple potypeptides forming a functional protein
Nucleic Acids
Polymers of monomers called Nucleotides
DNA and RNA
DNA
Provides direction for it’s owe replication
Directs RNA sythesis.
Genetic material inheireted
RNA
Controls protein synthesis
Nucleotide
Monomers composed of 3 parts
Nitrogen base
5 carbon sugar
1 or more phosphste groups
Polynucleotides
Polymers of nulceotides (macromolecules)
Nitogenious Bases
Pyrimadies :Sytosine, Thymine (DNA), Uracil (RNA)
Purines: Adenine, Gusnine
Sugers of Nucleotides
DNA:deoxyribose
RNA:ribose