Structure and function of large Molecules

Question 1

Polymer

Answer 1

(poly meaning many)A long molecule consisting of many smaller similar or identical parts. Held together by covalent bonds.

Question 2

Monomer

Answer 2

(Mono meaning single) The building blocks of polymers. Some have functions of their own.

Question 3

Dehydration Reaction

Answer 3

When two monomers are connected covalently through the loss of H2O

Question 4

Hydrolysis

Answer 4

When polymers are disassembled into monomers through the loss of H2O

Question 5

Carbohydrate

Answer 5

Sugars and polymers of suger. Including, monosaccarides, Disaccarides and Polysaccarides.

Question 6

Monosaccarides

Answer 6

(Mono meaning single) Are major nutrients of cells. Exp: glucose and fructose and triose.

Question 7

Disaccarides

Answer 7

Consists of two monosaccarides covalently bound together by glycosidic linkage. Exp: maltose and sucrose

Question 8

Glycosidic Linkage

Answer 8

A covalent bond between monosaccardies by a dehydration reaction.

Question 9

Polysaccarides

Answer 9

Macromolecules, polymers with hundreds to thousands of monomers.
Glycosidic Linkage
Used for storage and buliding materlials.

Question 10

Storage Polysaccarides

Answer 10

Starch

Glycogen

Question 11

Starch

Answer 11

A polymer of glucose stored in plants as a charbohydrate bank. Broken down by hydrolysis.

Question 12

Glycogen

Answer 12

A polymer of glucose stored in animals as a charboydrate bank. Broken down to glucose by hydrolysis on demand.

Question 13

Structural Polysaccarides

Answer 13

Cellulose

Chitin

Question 14

Cellulose

Answer 14

Most abondant organic compound on earth
Plant cell walls are made mostly of cellulose
Polymer of glucose

Question 15

Chitin

Answer 15

Carbohydrate used to bulid the exosceleton of insects, spiders and crustateans.

Question 16

Lipids

Answer 16

A diverse croup of hydrophobic molecules
Not polymers
Dont mix with water
Fats, phospholipids and steroids

Question 17

Fats

Answer 17

Constructed of glycerol and fatty acids by dehydration reaction.

Question 18

Fatty acids

Answer 18

A long carbon skeleton (16-18 carbons) and a hydrocarbon chain

Question 19

Triacylglycerol

Answer 19

3 fatty acids linked to 1 glycerol by an ester linkage (hydroxyl and carboxyl groups) Often found in packaged foods.

Question 20

Saturated fatty acids

Answer 20

No double bonds between carbon atoms
Saturated with hydrogen
Solid at room tepm
molecules pack closely

Question 21

Unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 21

1 or more double bonded carbon
1 fewer hydrogen with each double bonded carbon.
liquid at room tepm
molecules don’t pack closely

Question 22

Hydrogenated oils

Answer 22

Unsaturated fats that are synthetically converted to saturated fats by adding hydrogen. Exp: peanut butter and margerine

Question 23

Trans fats

Answer 23

Hydrogenating produces unsaturated fats with double bonds that contributes to atherosclerosis more than saturated fats.

Question 24

Phospholipids

Answer 24

2 fatty acids attached to glycerol
Make up cell membranes
Hydrophobic(non-polar) tails (Hydrocarbon)
Hydrophillic(polar) head (Phosphate group)

Question 25

Phospholipid bilayer

Answer 25

Boundary between cells and external enviroment Self assimble into a double layer Polor heads on the outside Non-polar tail on the inside

Question 26

Steroids

Answer 26

Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consissting of 4 fused rings.

Question 27

Cholesterol

Answer 27

Crutial moleciule in animal cell membranes Synthesized in the liver Other steroids are synesized from cholesterol

Question 28

Proteins

Answer 28

>50% of cell dry weight | Play role in chemical reactions, defence, storage, transport, communication, movement and structure.

Question 29

Enzymatic Proteins

Answer 29

Regulate metabolism acting as a catalysts, chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consummed by the process

Question 30

Polypeptides

Answer 30

Polymers of amino acids

Question 31

Enzymatic Protein

Answer 31

Selective acceleration of chemical reactions Digestive enzymes Hydrolysis of bonds in food

Question 32

Storage Protein

Answer 32

Storage of amino acids

Question 33

Hormonal Proteins

Answer 33

Coordination of an organism's activites

Question 34

Contractile motor proteins

Answer 34

Movement

Question 35

Defensive Proteins

Answer 35

Protection against disease | Antiboties

Question 36

Transport Proteins

Answer 36

Transport of molecules accross the cell membrane

Question 37

Receptor proteins

Answer 37

Response of cell to chemical stimuli

Question 38

Structural Proteins

Answer 38

Support, fiberous framework for animal connective tissues.

Question 39

Amino acid monomers

Answer 39

Organic molecule possessing an amino group and a carboxy group

Question 40

Amino acid ploymers

Answer 40

Polypeptide: a polymer of many amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Question 41

4 Protein structures

Answer 41

Primary Secomdary Tertiary Quarterary

Question 42

Primary

Answer 42

Linier chain of amino acids

Question 43

Secondary

Answer 43

Hydrogen bonds that create coils and folds Helix: Hydrogen bond between evert 4th amino acid Pleted sheet: Side by side polypeptide hydrogen bonds.

Question 44

Tertiary

Answer 44

Tri-dementional shape stabilized by interactions between side chains

Question 45

Quarternary

Answer 45

Multiple potypeptides forming a functional protein

Question 46

Nucleic Acids

Answer 46

Polymers of monomers called Nucleotides | DNA and RNA

Question 47

DNA

Answer 47

Provides direction for it's owe replication Directs RNA sythesis. Genetic material inheireted

Question 48

RNA

Answer 48

Controls protein synthesis

Question 49

Nucleotide

Answer 49

Monomers composed of 3 parts Nitrogen base 5 carbon sugar 1 or more phosphste groups

Question 50

Polynucleotides

Answer 50

Polymers of nulceotides (macromolecules)

Question 51

Nitogenious Bases

Answer 51

Pyrimadies :Sytosine, Thymine (DNA), Uracil (RNA) | Purines: Adenine, Gusnine

Question 52

Sugers of Nucleotides

Answer 52

DNA:deoxyribose RNA:ribose